Can birth control cause yeast infections

Vaginal yeast infections are a common occurrence, affecting up to 75% of women at some point in their lives. While various factors can contribute to the development of these infections, one question that often arises is whether birth control methods can increase the risk. This article will take a closer look at the potential connection between birth control and yeast infections, giving you insights from medical experts and evidence-based research.

Understanding yeast infections

A yeast infection is a fungal infection that occurs when there is an overgrowth of a naturally occurring yeast called Candida albicans in the vagina. This can lead to symptoms such as vaginal itching, soreness, burning, redness and swelling of the vulva and vagina and a thick, white, cottage cheese-like vaginal discharge. Yeast infections are not classed as sexually transmitted infections, but can be influenced by various factors, such as hormonal changes, antibiotic use, and underlying medical conditions.

The role of estrogen in yeast infections

An increase in estrogen levels is one of the key factors that can contribute to the development of yeast infections. Estrogen can stimulate the vagina to produce more glycogen, a type of sugar that provides a food source for the Candida fungus, leading to overgrowth.

Birth control methods and yeast infections

The connection between type of birth control and yeast infections is complex, as different methods can have different effects on the vaginal environment.

Oral contraceptives

Oral contraceptives, commonly known as hormonal birth control pills, contain synthetic estrogen and progestin. Progestin is a synthetic version of progesterone. The increased estrogen levels associated with some birth control pills may increase the risk of yeast infections in some women. However, the link is not definitive, and individual responses can vary.

Hormonal IUDs

Hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs), such as Mirena or Kyleena, release a small amount of progestin into the uterus. While these devices do not directly increase estrogen levels, the hormonal changes they cause can disrupt the balance of the vaginal ecosystem, making some women more prone to yeast infections.

Vaginal rings

Vaginal rings, like the NuvaRing, release a combination of estrogen and progestin directly into the vaginal area. This localised hormonal exposure may increase the risk of yeast infections in some women.

Contraceptive patches

Contraceptive patches, such as Ortho Evra, deliver a continuous dose of estrogen and progestin through the skin. As with oral contraceptives, the increased estrogen levels associated with these patches may increase the likelihood of yeast infections in some individuals.

Factors that influence yeast infection risk

While birth control methods can play a role in the development of yeast infections, other risk factors can also contribute to the problem. These include:

Antibiotic use

Antibiotics can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the vagina, allowing Candida to overgrow and cause an infection.

Diabetes

Individuals with poorly controlled diabetes have a higher risk of developing yeast infections due to the increased blood sugar levels in the body.

Weakened immune system

Conditions or medications that weaken the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS or corticosteroid therapy, can increase the risk of recurrent yeast infections.

Pregnancy

Hormonal changes during pregnancy can lead to an increased risk of yeast infections, as the elevated estrogen levels can promote Candida growth.

Preventing and managing yeast infections

To reduce the risk of yeast infections, whether or not you use birth control, it’s important to maintain good vaginal hygiene. This includes:

• Wearing breathable, cotton underwear
• Avoiding tight-fitting clothing
• Practicing proper wiping techniques (front to back)
• Limiting the use of scented soap products in the genital area
• Avoiding douching, which can disrupt the natural vaginal flora

If you develop a yeast infection, over-the-counter antifungal medications such as antifungal creams and vaginal suppositories can effectively treat the infection. Clotrimazole and miconazole are antifungals that are commonly used, but consult with a healthcare professional for medical advice, especially if you have recurrent infections or are pregnant, nursing, or have a weakened immune system.

Addressing recurrent yeast infections

For some women, yeast infections can become a recurring problem, with four or more episodes within 12 months. This condition, known as recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, may require a more comprehensive treatment approach:

• Longer courses of antifungal medication
• Maintenance therapy to prevent future infections
• Evaluation for underlying medical conditions
• Consideration of switching birth control methods to lower hormonal level methods

In cases of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, it’s crucial to work closely with a healthcare provider to find the root cause and develop a management plan.

Conclusion

The relationship between birth control and yeast infections is complex. While some birth control options, such as those containing higher levels of estrogen, may increase the risk of yeast infections, other factors, such as antibiotic use, diabetes, and a weakened immune system, can also play a major role.

To maintain a healthy vaginal environment and reduce the risk of yeast infections, it’s important to practice good hygiene, consider the impact of your birth control method, and work closely with a healthcare professional, especially if you experience recurrent infections.

Key takeaways

• Vaginal yeast infections are a common occurrence, affecting up to 75% of women
• Increased estrogen levels, associated with some birth control methods, can contribute to the development of yeast infections by providing a food source for the Candida fungus
• Birth control methods like oral contraceptives, hormonal IUDs, vaginal rings, spermicides, condoms, diaphragms, and vaginal sponges and contraceptive patches may all increase the risk of yeast overgrowth in some women
• Other factors, such as antibiotic use, diabetes, and a weakened immune system, can also play a role in the development of yeast infections
• Recurrent yeast infections may require a comprehensive treatment approach, including longer courses of antifungal medication, maintenance therapy, and evaluation for underlying medical conditions

Sources

• Effects of hormonal contraception on vaginal flora – PubMed
• Yeast infection (vaginal) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
• Yeast Infections – HealthyWomen