What is the main cause of cancer?

As a cancer patient or a family member of someone who has been diagnosed with cancer, you may be wondering what caused this disease. Unfortunately, there is no single cause of cancer. Cancer is a complex disease that can be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Around 4 in 10 UK cancer cases could be prevented.

Cancer affects millions of people worldwide, and it can be a devastating diagnosis for both the patient and their loved ones. While there are many different types of cancer, one question that is often asked is: what is the main cause of cancer? In this blog post, we will explore the various factors that contribute to the development of cancer so that you can better understand this complex disease.

What is Cancer?

Cancer is a disease that occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably and invade other parts of the body, a process called metastasis. It can develop in any part of the body, including the lungs, breasts, prostate gland, and skin. The most common cancer types are lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and skin cancer. Cancer treatment often involves surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the type and stage of cancer. Cancer prevention and strategies such as not smoking, eating a healthy diet, and exercising regularly are key to reducing the likelihood of developing cancer. Cancer research is also constantly evolving, better cancer screening, better cancer diagnosis and new treatment clinical trials are being developed all the time to help those affected by this disease.

Key stats about cancer from Cancer Research UK

• 375,400 new cancer cases in 2016-2018
• 167,142 cancer deaths in 2017-2019
• Around 4 in 10 UK cancer cases every year could be prevented, that’s more than 135,000 every year
• Breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer and bowel cancer together accounted for over half (53%) of all new cancer cases in the UK in 2016-2018

Genetics and family history

Genetics and strong family history play a significant role in the development of cancer. Inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. Meanwhile, acquired gene mutations can be caused by environmental exposure to carcinogens or chronic alcohol consumption. These mutations occur in crucial genes that regulate cell growth and division, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and tumour formation. While genetic factors cannot be entirely controlled, some lifestyle modifications like maintaining a healthy diet may help prevent further damage to DNA caused by external factors.

Inherited gene mutations

Inherited gene mutations can significantly increase the risk of developing certain types of cancers. Here are some important details about hereditary cancer syndromes and DNA mutations:

• BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes: These genes are responsible for producing proteins that help suppress tumour growth, but inherited mutations in these genes greatly increase the risk of breast, ovarian, and other cancers

• Lynch syndrome: This inherited disorder increases the risk of colon cancer as well as other cancers such as uterine cancer

Cancer caused by genetic mutations is not influenced by lifestyle or environmental factors like alcohol consumption or exposure to carcinogens. However, a healthy diet and avoiding chronic exposure to harmful substances can help reduce the overall risk of developing any type of cancer.

Acquired gene mutations

Gene mutations are a common cause of cancer and can be classified as inherited or acquired. Acquired gene mutations occur due to environmental factors, lifestyle choices, or chemical exposure. Environmental factors such as pollution and radiation can damage DNA leading to chronic inflammation and cell mutation. Lifestyle choices like excessive alcohol consumption or an unhealthy diet have also been linked with gene mutations that increase the risk of developing cancer.

Chemical exposure to carcinogens in the workplace may also lead to acquired gene mutations. It’s important for individuals who work in industries that handle chemicals regularly to take measures towards reducing their exposure levels.

In summary, while there is no single cause of cancer, acquired gene mutations resulting from environmental factors, lifestyle choices and chemical exposure play a significant role in many cases. Understanding how these factors contribute towards the development of cancer can help us make informed decisions about our health today for a healthier tomorrow.

Environmental factors

Environmental factors play a significant role in the development of cancer. The term “environmental”, as used by cancer researchers, refers to everything outside the body that interacts with humans. Radiation exposure is one such factor that can lead to mutations in DNA and cause cells to grow abnormally, potentially resulting in cancerous growth. Similarly, exposure to chemicals like asbestos, air pollution and harmful ultraviolet rays has been linked with an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer. Individuals need to reduce their exposure by taking necessary precautions and avoiding high-risk environments whenever possible.

Tobacco use

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable cancer. Smoking and chewing tobacco contain harmful chemicals that can damage your DNA and increase your risk of developing cancer. Secondhand tobacco smoke also poses a risk to non-smokers, especially children who may experience sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) or respiratory infections. People who are exposed to secondhand smoke at home or at work have a 20% to 30% higher risk of lung cancer. Quitting smoking or never starting in the first place is one of the best ways to reduce your risk of cancer.

Chewing tobacco is not a safer alternative to smoking cigarettes, as it still contains carcinogens that can lead to oral cancers such as mouth and throat cancer. It’s important to avoid all forms of tobacco use if you want to reduce your risk of developing cancer. If you are struggling with quitting smoking or chewing tobacco, talk with your doctor about the resources available for support.

Exposure to radiation

Medical imaging tests, such as X-rays and CT scans, can expose patients to radiation. While these tests are important diagnostic tools for detecting cancer and other conditions, repeated exposure to radiation over time can increase the risk of developing cancer. For this reason, doctors may recommend alternative imaging techniques or limit the number of scans a patient receives.

Radiotherapy is a common treatment for many types of cancer. This therapy uses high-energy radiation to target and kill cancer cells in the body. While effective at treating cancer, radiotherapy also exposes healthy tissues to radiation which can cause side effects such as fatigue and skin irritation.

Nuclear accidents like Chernobyl and Fukushima have highlighted the dangers of exposure to large amounts of ionizing radiation. These incidents have led to increased awareness about the long-term health risks associated with nuclear energy production, including an increased risk of cancers such as thyroid and leukaemia among exposed populations.

Exposure to chemicals

Chemicals can come in many forms and it’s important to be aware of potential exposure. Pesticides and herbicides are examples of chemicals that may increase the risk of cancer if used frequently or incorrectly. Industrial pollutants, such as asbestos and benzene, have been linked to several types of cancer after prolonged exposure in certain work environments. Chemotherapy drugs, which are used to treat cancer patients, can also affect healthy cells and potentially lead to long-term health issues.

It’s crucial for individuals who may be exposed to these chemicals regularly or through their job duties to seek proper safety training and adhere to precautions outlined by regulatory agencies. Additionally, those undergoing chemotherapy treatment should discuss any concerns about long-term effects with their healthcare provider. Understanding the risks associated with chemical exposure is one step towards reducing the likelihood of developing cancer later on in life.

Lifestyle factors

Obesity and poor diet habits are significant cancer risk factors. A sedentary lifestyle is also a contributing factor that should not be ignored. Physical inactivity reduces overall fitness levels and weakens the immune system, making it more vulnerable to various illnesses such as cancer. Moreover, excessive alcohol consumption can lead to liver damage and an increased risk of certain types of cancers, including breast cancer and colon cancer.

Tackling unhealthy lifestyle factors such as obesity, lack of exercise or physical activity, and excessive alcohol intake may help reduce your risk for some types of cancers. Incorporating regular exercise routines into your daily life is one effective way to minimise the impact sedentary lifestyles have on health outcomes. Likewise, watching what you eat by having a balanced diet and drinking alcohol in moderation could go a long way towards combating obesity, while reducing the chances of falling ill with different kinds of cancers caused by poor eating habits.

Viruses and infections

Viruses and infections such as HPV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV, Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus are known to increase the risk of developing cancer. HPV is linked to cervical, anal, penile, and throat cancers while Hepatitis B and C can cause liver cancer. HIV weakens the immune system making it easier for other infections to develop into cancer.

Prevention measures such as vaccines for HPV and Hepatitis B have been developed that can significantly reduce the risk of getting infected with these viruses. Protecting oneself from exposure to HIV through safe sex practices or pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can also lower cancer risks in those living with the virus. Early diagnosis and treatment of these infections is critical in preventing their progression into more severe health conditions such as cancer.

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection that can lead to various types of cancers, including cervical cancer. HPV is responsible for nearly all cases of cervical cancer, making it crucial to raise awareness about the importance of prevention methods.

Other cancers associated with HPV infection include:

• Anal cancer

• Oropharyngeal cancer (throat and tongue)

• Penile cancer

• Vulvar and vaginal cancers

Prevention methods for HPV infection include:

• Vaccination: the HPV vaccine can protect against several strains of the virus

• Safe sex practices: using condoms during sexual activity can reduce the risk of transmission

• Regular screenings: getting regular Pap tests and/or HPV tests can detect abnormal cell changes early on

It’s important to stay informed about HPV and take preventative measures to reduce the risk of developing related cancers.

Hepatitis B and C

Hepatitis B and C are viral infections that can lead to serious liver damage. These viruses increase the risk of developing liver cancer, making it important for individuals to seek treatment as soon as they suspect they may have contracted either virus.

Symptoms of hepatitis B and C can vary, but common signs include fatigue, abdominal pain, and jaundice. It is crucial to get tested regularly if you are at high risk for contracting these viruses.

Treatment options for hepatitis B and C include antiviral medications such as interferon or direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). People with chronic hepatitis may also need regular checkups with a specialist to monitor their condition closely.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Living with HIV can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancers, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. However, with proper management and treatment, these risks can be reduced. HIV-positive individuals need to work closely with their healthcare providers to monitor their health and address any potential concerns.

In addition to regular check-ups and medication adherence, there are also specific treatment options available for those living with both HIV/AIDS and cancer. These may include chemotherapy or radiation therapy, as well as antiretroviral therapy (ART) to help manage the virus. Patients need to discuss all treatment options with their healthcare team to determine the best course of action for their situation.

Understanding the main cause of cancer is essential in reducing your risk of developing this disease. While there are many factors that can contribute to cancer development, environmental and lifestyle factors are within your control. By making simple changes to your lifestyle, such as adopting a healthy diet and increasing physical activity, and avoiding harmful substances like tobacco smoke, you can reduce your risk and improve your overall health. Early detection is also crucial, so make sure you talk to your doctor about screening options that are appropriate for your individual risk factors. With a proactive approach to your health, you can reduce your risk of developing cancer and lead a long, healthy life.

Sources

• Cancer key facts – WHO
• Cancer Statistics for the UK – Cancer Research UK
• Causes of cancer and reducing your risk – Cancer Research UK
• Causes and risk factors – Macmillan Cancer Support