Is bell’s palsy contagious?

Bell’s palsy is a condition that can cause sudden weakness or facial paralysis on one side of the face. This condition brings many concerns and questions when faced with such a diagnosis. One of the most common questions is, “Is Bell’s palsy contagious?” This question often stems from the sudden onset of symptoms and the uncertainty surrounding its cause. Let’s dive into the facts and clear up any misconceptions about this facial nerve disorder.

What is Bell’s palsy?

Definition and symptoms of Bell’s palsy

Bell’s palsy is a condition that causes sudden muscle weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face. It often comes on quickly, reaching its peak within 48 to 72 hours. Bell’s palsy symptoms include a facial drooping appearance on one side of the face, affecting the forehead, eyebrow, eye, eyelid, and corner of the mouth. This makes it difficult to make full facial expressions, such as wrinkling the forehead or smiling normally.

Patients with Bell’s palsy may experience a range of symptoms, including:

• Drooling
• Dry eyes
• Difficulty speaking, eating, or drinking
• Facial or ear pain
• Headache
• Loss of taste
• Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
• Sensitivity to sounds (hyperacusis)

Causes and risk factors

The exact cause of Bell’s palsy isn’t always clear, but it’s believed to result from inflammation and swelling of the seventh cranial nerve, which controls facial muscles. This inflammation can be triggered by viral infections, such as:

• Herpes simplex 1 (cold sores)
• Varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox and shingles)
• Epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis)
• COVID-19

Other potential triggers include stress, illnesses, sleep deprivation, physical trauma, and autoimmune conditions. Risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing Bell’s palsy include:

• Diabetes
• Pregnancy
• Obesity (BMI of 30 or higher)
• High blood pressure
• Previous history of Bell’s palsy

Diagnosis

To diagnose Bell’s palsy a thorough physical examination and medical history are needed. Patients perform specific facial movements, such as closing their eyes, lifting their brows, showing their teeth, and frowning. The key physical finding is partial or complete weakness of the forehead on the affected side.

While there’s no specific test for Bell’s palsy other additional tests may be carried out to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms:

• Blood tests to check for conditions like Lyme disease
• Electromyography (EMG) to measure nerve activity and damage
• Imaging scans (MRI or CT) to rule out other possible causes of facial weakness
• In some cases, a lumbar puncture may be necessary to check for meningitis or other conditions
• Is Bell’s palsy contagious?

The short answer is no, Bell’s palsy itself is not contagious. However, the story doesn’t end there. Let’s delve deeper into the relationship between Bell’s palsy and viral infections to understand why this question arises.

Viral connection

Bell’s palsy has a strong link with viral infections. While the exact cause remains unclear, research suggests that certain viruses may trigger the inflammation of the facial nerve, leading to Bell’s palsy. Some of the viruses linked to this condition include:

• Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), which causes cold sores
• Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), responsible for chickenpox and shingles
• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which causes mononucleosis
• COVID-19

These viruses are thought to establish a dormant infection in the body, which can reactivate under certain conditions, potentially triggering Bell’s palsy.

Transmission

While Bell’s palsy itself cannot be transmitted from person to person, the viral infections associated with it can be contagious. For instance:

• HSV-1 is highly contagious and can spread through close contact, especially during active outbreaks
• VZV can be transmitted through direct contact with fluid from chickenpox or shingles blisters
• EBV spreads primarily through saliva, earning it the nickname “kissing disease”

It’s important to note that not everyone who contracts these viruses will develop Bell’s palsy. The condition’s occurrence depends on various factors, including an individuals susceptibility and the body’s immune response.

Misconceptions

Several misconceptions surround cases of Bell’s palsy:

• Cold exposure causes Bell’s palsy: This is a myth. Bell’s palsy is primarily a neurological disorder, not a vascular disease caused by cold air
• Avoiding mirrors helps recovery: There’s no scientific basis for this belief. Facial exercises in front of a mirror can be beneficial for rehabilitation
• Bell’s palsy is always caused by a current viral infection: While viral infections play a role, Bell’s palsy can also result from the reactivation of a dormant virus

Treatment options

Combining various treatments gives the best results. While many cases improve independently, timely intervention can speed up recovery and reduce the risk of complications.

Medications

Corticosteroids are the main treatment for Bell’s palsy. Prednisone is typically started with a high dose of 60 mg daily for six days, followed by a gradual lowering of the dose over the next four days. It’s important to begin this treatment within 72 hours of symptom onset for the best outcome. In some cases, some healthcare professionals might also recommend antiviral medications like acyclovir or valacyclovir, especially if a viral cause is suspected. Artificial tears, ointments, and protective eye patches may also be recommended.

Physical therapy

Physical therapy plays a vital role in recovery. Patients can be referred to specialised facial therapists who can guide them through exercises to prevent muscle breakdown and improve facial function. These exercises focus on gentle facial movements and may include:

• Facial muscle strengthening
• Neuromuscular retraining
• Massage techniques

Some therapists also use biofeedback or electrical stimulation, though the evidence for these methods is still limited.

Surgical interventions

In rare cases where paralysis persists or complications arise, surgical options may be considered. These can include:

• Facial nerve decompression: This procedure aims to relieve pressure on the facial nerve, but its effectiveness is debated
• Eyelid procedures: For patients with ongoing eye closure problems, we might consider implanting gold or platinum weights in the upper eyelid
• Facial reanimation surgery: In cases of long-term paralysis, various techniques can help restore some facial movement and symmetry

It’s important to note that surgical interventions carry their own risks and are typically considered only after other treatments have been exhausted.

Conclusion

Bell’s palsy, while not contagious itself, has links to viral infections that can spread. Understanding this condition, its symptoms, and treatment options gives individuals information to handle it better. Prompt medical attention and a mix of treatments, including medications and physical therapy, can lead to a complete recovery.

Sources

• Bell’s Palsy FAQs – Otolaryngology | Head and Neck Surgery
• Bell’s palsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
• Bell’s palsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic