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<h2 class="p1"><b>The various types of diabetes</b></h2>
<p class="p2">There are three classifications of diabetes.</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li2">Type 1</li>
<li class="li2">Type 2</li>
<li class="li2">Gestational diabetes (<a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-10-warning-signs-of-diabetes">diabetes</a> that develops during pregnancy)</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="p3"><b>Type 1 diabetes</b></h2>
<p class="p2">Insulin is a hormone that is naturally produced by the body in a small organ called the pancreas. Insulin is important because it’s function is to keep blood sugar within range and in control. Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong condition which occurs because the body cannot produce insulin due to an autoimmune reaction that destroys the cells that produce insulin. 8.4 million people live with type 1 diabetes around the globe. Over time, <a href="https://nowpatient.com/healthy-living-and-wellness/dealing-with-type-1-diabetes-diagnosis">type 1 diabetes</a> complications can have a major impact on organs in the body including the heart, blood vessels, nerves (neuropathy), eyes (retinopathy) and kidney disease (Diabetic nephropathy). Complications can lead to disabilities or even threaten life. It is worth noting that there is no cure for type 1 diabetes and type 1 diabetes management is generally limited to managing the disease through changes in lifestyle choices (for example, not skipping meals, watching portion sizes, eating foods and drinks that do not have sugar), controlling blood glucose levels using insulin injections or an insulin pump.</p>
<p class="p2">When blood sugar levels are too high, this is called Hyperglycemia. People will tend to develop hyperglycemia if their diabetes is not managed or treated properly. On the other side, Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels are too low. This can be caused by mis-management of insulin medication (for example, not adjusting carb intake to insulin usage), the amount and timing of physical activity, heat and humidity.</p>
<p class="p2">Risk factors are shown below and it is worth remembering that type 1 diabetes has no relation to weight as a risk factor.</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li2"><b>Genetics</b>&#8211; certain genes increase the chances of developing the chronic disease</li>
<li class="li2"><b>Age</b>&#8211; type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, however, there are two notable peaks. The first is children between the years 4 and 7; the second is children between the years 10 and 14</li>
<li class="li2"><b>Family history</b>&#8211; type 1 diabetes is at an elevated risk, if you have a parent or sibling with the condition</li>
<li class="li2"><b>Geography</b>&#8211; It has been shown that individuals are likely to develop type 1 diabetes the further you travel away from the equator</li>
</ul>
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<h2 class="p3"><b>Type 2 diabetes</b></h2>
<p class="p2">Type 2 diabetes (also known as type 2 diabetes mellitus) is a disease that is characterised by chronic hyperglycemia (high blood sugars). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is astonishing. It affects<b> </b>462 million individuals, that&#8217;s a staggering 6.28% of the world&#8217;s total population. Thats nearly 60 times more people who live with type 2 diabetes compared to type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a significant global public health issue. In fact the NHS, in the United Kingdom spends roughly £14 billion each year on both treating the chronic disease and its associated symptoms, as well as for diabetes care.</p>
<p class="p2">Whereas type 1 <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-the-causes-of-diabetes">diabetes is mainly of genetic cause</a>, type 2 diabetes develops over time and is significantly associated with lifestyle choices.</p>
<p class="p2">Type 2 diabetes is a long term chronic condition and can be lifelong. Just as with type 1 diabetes, uncontrolled blood glucose can lead to damage of your eyes, heart and feet.</p>
<p class="p2">There is no cure for type 2 diabetes, however, the condition can be managed with a number of interventions such as changing to eating healthier, controlling carbohydrate intake, being more active (less sedentary) or by losing weight through aerobic exercise, for example. The management goal also involves maintaining optimal lipids and <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/low-and-high-blood-pressure">blood pressure</a> levels to prevent or delay the chronic complications of diabetes. That said, most people will need eventually require medication to bring their blood glucose into target range. Those who are able to control their blood sugar levels and keep it below the diabetes range are considered to be in diabetes remission.</p>
<p>Risk factors are shown below:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li2">Prediabetes (60 million U.S. residents have prediabetes, a condition where blood glucose levels are above the normal range)</li>
<li class="li2">overweight or obesity</li>
<li class="li2">45 years or over</li>
<li class="li2">Family history with type 2 diabetes</li>
<li class="li2">Sedentary (physically active less than 3 times a week)</li>
<li class="li2">History of gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy) or given birth to a baby who weighed over 9 pounds</li>
</ul>
<p class="p2">By measuring glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), clinicians are able to get an overall picture of what the average blood sugar levels have been over a period of weeks/months. This is a particularly useful measure when diagnosing people with prediabetes or diabetes. A HbA1c reading of 42 mmol/mol is normal; a reading of 42 to 47 mmol/mol indicates prediabetes, and a reading of 48 mmol/mol or over is an indication of diabetes.</p>
<p class="p2">A recent study by JAMA which was the first-ever randomized trial showed that CGM (continuous glucose monitoring like <a href="https://www.dexcom.com/en-gb/uk-dexcom-g6-cgm-system">dexcom G6</a>/G7 and <a href="https://www.freestyle.abbott/uk-en/home.html">Abbott’s freestyle libre</a>) is beneficial people with Type 2 diabetes on less intensive insulin regimens because it allowed people to understand and effectively respond to their changing glucose levels.</p>
<h2 class="p3"><b>Physical activity/Exercise and its effect on type 2 diabetes</b></h2>
<p class="p2">It is well established that participation and uptake of regular exercise training improves blood glucose control and can help prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. Exercise interventions are a good way of being proactive.</p>
<p class="p2">In a position statement (authored by Sheri R. Colberg et al.<span class="s2">), The American Diabetes Association (ADA), defined physical activity as an activity that includes any exercise program that encourages general movement that increases energy use; and that the adoption and maintenance of physical activity are critical foci for blood glucose management and overall <a href="https://nowpatient.com/healthy-living-and-wellness/how-can-we-self-monitor-our-health">health</a> in individuals with diabetes and prediabetes. The definition of exercise, however, covers physical activity that is both structured and planned. There are clear benefits of exercise for type 2 diabetics.</span></p>
<p class="p2">The effects of exercise improve overall blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes. In addition, it can reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors, improve cholesterol, can contribute to weight loss, and improve general well-being and quality of life. Furthermore, taking regular exercise may even prevent or delay type 2 diabetes development. Regular exercise can also deliver health benefits to type 1 diabetes by improving cardiovascular fitness, skeletal muscle strength and insulin sensitivity (countering insulin resistance).</p>
<p class="p2">Physical activity and exercise should be tailored to meet the specific needs of each individual and more importantly, to take into account the diabetes type, activity type and presence of any complications.</p>
<p class="p2">The following is a list of benefits of exercising on type 2 diabetics:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li2">Reducing HbA1c values by 0.7 percentage point in people even without any weight loss or reduction in body weight.</li>
<li class="li2">All forms of exercise, including aerobic, resistance, or combined, were effective in reducing HbA1c values in people with diabetes</li>
<li class="li2">Resistance training and aerobic exercise both helped to lower insulin resistance in older adults with abdominal obesity, who were previously sedentary and at risk for diabetes. Both types of exercise combined proved to be more beneficial than doing just one type</li>
<li class="li2">People with diabetes who walked at least two hours a week were less likely to die of <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-is-coronary-heart-disease">heart disease</a> than their sedentary counter peers. People with diabetes who exercised three to four hours a week could cut their risk even more</li>
<li class="li2">Women with diabetes who spent at least four hours a week doing moderate exercise (including walking) or vigorous exercise had a 40% lower risk of developing heart disease than those who didn&#8217;t exercise. These benefits persisted even after researchers adjusted for confounding factors, including BMI, smoking, and other heart disease risk factors</li>
</ul>
<p class="p2">As well as exercising, many type 2 diabetics take supplements such as chromium, vitamin E, St. John’s wort, or niacin. However, the research on many supplements is not conclusive, and you should always talk to your health care provider before you start taking.</p>
<h2 class="p3"><b>Recommendations for aerobic exercise</b></h2>
<p class="p2">The amount and intensity of aerobic exercise/ aerobic activity recommended should vary according to individual goals.</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li2">Where the goal is glycemic control for type 2 diabetics, weight maintenance, and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, the recommendation is to perform at least 2.5 hours per week of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity (40–60% of <i>V̇</i>o2max or 50–70% of maximum heart rate) and/or at least 1.5 hours per week of vigorous aerobic exercise (&gt; 60% of <i>V̇</i>o2max or &gt;70% of maximum heart rate). The physical activity should be distributed over at least 3 days per week and ensuring there is no more than 2 consecutive days without physical activity</li>
<li class="li2">Where the goal is even greater cardiovascular disease risk reduction, then the recommendation is to performing more than 4 hours a week of moderate to vigorous aerobic and/or resistance exercise</li>
<li class="li2">Where the goal is the long-term maintenance of major weight loss (≥ 13.6 kg [30 lb]), the recommendation is 7 hours a week of moderate to vigorous aerobic physical activity</li>
</ul>
<p class="p2">The American College of Sports Medicine declared that people with type 2 diabetes, who want to lose weight, should consider workouts of moderately high volume for four to five days per week</p>
<p class="p2">For people who have metabolic syndrome, which is a combination of diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension) and obesity, the following regimen is recommended:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li2">Get 150 minutes per week of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity</li>
<li class="li2">Exercise can be broken up into sessions of 10 minutes or more throughout the day</li>
<li class="li2">Brisk walking ( 3 miles per hour or faster) is an example of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, but any activity that raises your heart rate is included</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="p3"><b>High-Intensity training</b></h2>
<p class="p2">Interval training is a form of flexible training that has been shown to be beneficial for type 2 diabetics.</p>
<p class="p2">Research has shown that high intensity interval training can be just as beneficial to your health as longer periods of conventional cardiovascular exercise, like continuous jogging.</p>
<p class="p2">Your healthcare professional or health care provider can always advise you on the most suitable exercise regimen based on your own individual circumstances and risks.</p>
<h2 class="p3"><b>Strength training</b></h2>
<p class="p2">Muscle mass naturally diminishes as we all age. Our body fat percentages will also increase over time. According to the American Diabetes Association, strength training can help type 2 diabetics preserve and enhance muscle mass at any age, which can ultimately help with blood sugar control.</p>
<h3 class="p2">Benefits of strength training include:</h3>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li2">Better insulin response</li>
<li class="li2">Better glycaemic control of older patients with type 2 diabetes</li>
<li class="li2">Lower body weight</li>
<li class="li2">Lower cardiovascular risk</li>
</ul>
<p class="p2">Most people with type 2 diabetes can work out relatively safely. If you are unsure, your healthcare professional or health care provider can always advise you on the most suitable exercise regimen based on your own individual circumstances and risks.</p>
<p class="p2">Strength training should be performed at least twice a week. It’s also important to try and do other physical exercises, as shown in the section above.</p>
<p class="p2">Depending on your individual circumstances, you should consider the following strength training plan to cover as many muscle groups as possible:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li2">Standing bicep curl</li>
<li class="li2">Triceps extension</li>
<li class="li2">Shoulder press</li>
<li class="li2">Chest press</li>
<li class="li2">Seated row</li>
<li class="li2">Classic crunch</li>
<li class="li2">Plank</li>
<li class="li2">Squat</li>
<li class="li2">Lunges</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="p3"><b>Tai Chi and type 2 diabetes</b></h2>
<p class="p2">A recently published study using meta-analysis and systematic review looked into the effects of Tai Chi on type 2 diabetes mellitus.</p>
<p class="p2">As part of the study, resource databases were used, including PubMed, The Cochrane Library, EM base, SCI, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP, and randomized controlled trials on the intervention effect of Tai chi on diabetes were retrieved.</p>
<p class="p2">The results were fascinating, and the authors of the study concluded that Tai chi can effectively affect the management of blood glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Furthermore, long-term adherence to Tai chi has a better role in reducing blood glucose and HbA1c levels in type 2 DM patients.</p>
<h3>Sources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/what-is-type-1-diabetes.html">What is Type 1 diabetes – CDC</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-xdiabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011">Type 1 diabetes symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic </a></li>
<li><a href="https://diabetesresearch.org/type-1-diabetes-cure/">Type 1 diabetes cure – Diabetes Research </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220921/e2808be2808be2808be2808be2808be2808be2808bGlobal-burden-of-type-1-diabetes-likely-to-double-by-2040-study-predicts.aspx#:~:text=An%20estimated%208.4%20million%20people,living%20with%20T1D%20by%202040">Global burden of type 1 diabetes likely to double by 2040, study predicts – News Medical</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7310804/">Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes – NCBI </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-causes">Type 2 Diabetes Causes Endocrineweb </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.diabetes.co.uk/what-is-hba1c.html">What is HBA1C – Diabetes </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/low-blood-sugar.html">Low Blood Sugar – CDC</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-importance-of-exercise-when-you-have-diabetes">The importance of exercise when you have diabetes – Health Harvard</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.diabetes.co.uk/high-intensity-interval-training.html">High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Diabetes </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/strength-training-diabetes">Strength training diabetes – WebMD </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6357431/#:~:text=Background,the%20disease%20and%20associated%20symptoms">Preventing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) – NCBI</a></li>
<li><a href="https://diabetes.org/healthy-living/recipes-nutrition/vitamins-diabetes">Vitamins Diabetes – Diabetes </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.acsm.org/news-detail/2022/02/09/acsm-publishes-new-recommendations-on-type-2-diabetes-and-exercise">ACSM Publishes New Recommendations on Type 2 Diabetes and Exercise – ACSM </a></li>
<li><a href="https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/25/10/1729/25596/High-Intensity-Resistance-Training-Improves">High-Intensity Resistance Training Improves Glycemic Control in Older Patients With Type 2 Diabetes – Diabetes Journals </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6908414/">Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes – NCBI </a></li>
</ul>


<p class="p1">When we think of health, we often think of physical fitness. We go to the doctor when we have a cold or the flu. We see a physical therapist when we have an injury. We eat healthy foods and exercise to maintain our physical health. But what about our mental health needs?</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What is mental health?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">The World Health Organization defines mental health as a state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, realise their abilities, learn well and work well and contribute to their community.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Why is mental health important?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Mental health is vital to public health. It is just as important as physical health but is often overlooked. Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood.</p>
<p class="p1">Good mental health is not just the absence of mental illness. It is also the ability to cope with the challenges in life. Everyone has times when they feel <a href="https://nowpatient.com/healthy-living-and-wellness/are-you-sad-how-to-combat-being-sad">sad</a>, anxious, or overwhelmed. However, if these feelings are persistent or interfere with your daily life, they may be signs of a mental illness.</p>
<p class="p1">Mental health conditions are common, but there is still a lot of stigma around them. This can make it hard for people to seek help. Mental illness is nothing to be ashamed of. It is a medical problem, just like heart disease or diabetes. Treatment is available, and recovery is possible.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Types of mental illnesses</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Types of mental health disorders</p>
<p class="p1">There are many different types of mental health problems. Some common ones include:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Anxiety disorders. These disorders involve excessive fear or anxiety. Examples include generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia (a fear of being outside), social anxiety disorder (a fear of being around other people), specific phobias (such as a fear of flying), post-traumatic stress disorder <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-is-ptsd">(PTSD)</a>, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)</li>
<li class="li1">Mood disorders. These disorders involve changes in a person’s mood. Examples include major depressive disorder (also called clinical <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/dealing-with-depression">depression</a>) and bipolar disorder (also called manic depression)</li>
<li class="li1">Psychotic disorders. These disorders involve changes in a person’s thoughts or perceptions that make them lose touch with reality, such as hearing voices. Examples include schizophrenia and delusional disorder</li>
<li class="li1">Eating disorders. These disorders involve unhealthy eating habits that can damage a person’s physical and mental health. Examples include anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa</li>
<li class="li1">Personality disorders. These disorders involve patterns of thinking, feeling, behaving and relating to others that are different from what is considered normal. Examples include borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder</li>
<li class="li1">Substance use disorders. These disorders involve using legal or illegal substances in harmful ways. Examples include <a href="https://nowpatient.com/healthy-living-and-wellness/how-to-cut-down-on-alcohol">alcohol</a> abuse and dependence, drug abuse, and dependence</li>
<li class="li1">Older adults. As people age, they may experience changes in their physical, mental, and social well-being. Examples include <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/types-of-dementia">dementia</a>, delirium and depression</li>
<li class="li1">Children and adolescents. Depending on age, children and teens may react differently to mental illness. Examples include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-is-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder">(ADHD)</a>, and anxiety disorders</li>
</ul>
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<h2 class="p2"><b>Symptoms of mental illnesses</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Just like physical illnesses, mental illnesses have signs and symptoms that can alert you that something isn&#8217;t right. These warning signs can be different for different types of illnesses and different age groups. Here are some general warning signs that something might be wrong:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Feeling anxious all the time</li>
<li class="li1">Mood swings</li>
<li class="li1">Feeling unable to cope with things</li>
<li class="li1">Worrying about things that other people would not usually worry about</li>
<li class="li1">Feeling down or hopeless for a long time (more than two weeks)</li>
<li class="li1">Not enjoying things that used to give you pleasure</li>
<li class="li1">Eating too much or too little</li>
<li class="li1">Sleeping too much or too little</li>
<li class="li1">Pulling away from friends or activities you once enjoyed</li>
<li class="li1">Having suicidal thoughts or self-harm</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="p1">Children and young people might also:</h2>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Have a hard time in school</li>
<li class="li1">Wet the bed after being potty trained</li>
<li class="li1">Act much younger than their age</li>
<li class="li1">Stomach aches or headaches with no known medical cause</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">If you see any warning signs in yourself or someone else, don&#8217;t ignore them. These signs are only warnings. They don&#8217;t necessarily mean that a person has a mental illness. However, if you are worried about someone (including yourself), don&#8217;t wait to get help. Talk to someone who can give you more information and help you figure out what to do next: a parent, a teacher, a doctor, or a pharmacist.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Causes of mental illnesses</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood. If you experience mental health problems throughout your life, your thinking, mood, and behaviour could be affected.</p>
<p class="p1">Many risk factors contribute to mental health problems, including mental health is our cognitive and emotional well-being. It encompasses how we think, feels, and behave. Everyone has mental health, just like everyone has physical health. And similar to physical health, mental health can fluctuate throughout our lives. Many different factors can affect our mental health, such as:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry</li>
<li class="li1">Life experiences (e.g. trauma, stresses of life, loss)</li>
<li class="li1">Family history of mental illness</li>
<li class="li1">Physical illness or injury</li>
<li class="li1">Substance abuse</li>
<li class="li1">Social isolation</li>
<li class="li1">Poverty</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">It is important to remember that everybody experiences these factors differently, which means everybody experiences mental health differently.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Treatment for mental health issues</b></h2>
<p class="p1">There are many different types of treatment available for mental illness. Some people only need medication, while others need medication and therapy. The type of treatment you need will depend on the severity of your symptoms and your personal preferences. Some common types of treatment include:</p>
<p class="p1">Psychotherapy or talking therapies: This can be done individually or in groups with a trained therapist or counsellor who can help you understand your thoughts and feelings and develop healthy coping mechanisms.</p>
<p class="p1">Medication: This can be prescribed by a healthcare professional to help manage your symptoms. With the help of experienced health professionals specialising in psychiatry, you can explore medication options for managing a mental illness.</p>
<p class="p1">Self-help: This can be incorporating stress-relievers such as deep breathing exercises into your daily routine, creating meaningful social interactions such as joining a support group and focusing on good nutrition and adequate physical activity. Self-care activities such as simple activities like taking a warm bath or walking can be soothing for both your body and mind.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How to get mental health help</b></h2>
<p class="p1">There are various points of contact for mental health services:</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>GP</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Your doctor is there to support and provide guidance when it comes to mental health. They can connect you with the appropriate service for your needs through a GP referral so that you get the help needed to manage any situation better.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Pharmacists</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Pharmacists are invaluable healthcare resources. They can answer questions about treatments for mental health issues and offer advice on the best local services to meet your needs.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>NHS therapy and counselling</b></h3>
<p class="p1">The NHS offers a wide range of therapeutic and counselling services to support those aged 18 or over in England. You can get access to these helpful resources without consulting your GP</p>
<h3>Sources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/">Mental Health &#8211; NHS</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response">Mental Health Strengthening Our Response </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/statistics-and-facts-about-mental-health/how-common-are-mental-health-problems/#References">Mental health facts and statistics &#8211; Mind</a></li>
</ul>


<p class="p1">Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that affects the ovaries, which are two small organs located on each side of the uterus. It is the fifth most common type of gynecologic cancer in women and is often referred to as a “silent killer” because its symptoms can be difficult to detect. In this blog, we will explore ovarian cancer, how it develops, and how it can be treated.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>The female productive system</b></h2>
<p class="p1">The female reproductive system is a complex and fascinating part of the human body. It is responsible for producing eggs, transporting them from the ovaries to the uterus, and preparing the uterus to receive a fertilized egg for pregnancy.</p>
<p class="p1">Starting from puberty, menstrual cycles form an important part of life for most females, as these are tied to their fertility. The ovaries produce eggs that travel into the fallopian tubes, where they may be fertilized. The ovaries are also the main source of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. For those going through <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-is-menopause">menopause</a>, the decrease in hormone production means no more monthly cycles or chances of becoming pregnant. These changes can be emotionally and physically difficult but are an unfortunately natural part of ageing.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What is ovarian cancer?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Ovarian cancer occurs in one or both of the ovaries when abnormal cells within them begin to divide and grow uncontrollably.</p>
<p class="p1">There are different types of ovarian cancer. The type depends on the type of cell cancer begins. The most common types of ovarian cancer include:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Epithelial carcinoma, which starts on the surface of the ovary</li>
<li class="li1">Germ cell tumours start in the cells inside an ovary that produce eggs. A germ cell tumour may be initially mistaken for a benign ovarian cyst</li>
<li class="li1">Stromal tumours, which start in cells that hold together other parts of an ovary</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">Each of these major categories can further be divided into subtypes. Each subtype has its characteristics when diagnosing and treating cancer. Additionally, ovarian cancers are classified into four stages based on how much they have spread throughout the body. The severity of cancer can range from Stage 1 (low grade) to Stage 4 (high grade).</p>
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<h2 class="p1">Different stages of ovarian cancer</h2>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Stage 1 ovarian cancer is typically limited to just one or both ovaries and affects only the area in the abdominal cavity near where the reproductive organs are located</li>
<li class="li1">Stage 2 sees cancer spread to the uterus, fallopian tubes and other surrounding areas of the abdomen</li>
<li class="li1">Stage 3 is considered advanced, and cancer has begun to spread beyond the pelvic region up into the lymph nodes on either side of the body</li>
<li class="li1">Stage 4 is classified as a metastatic stage in which cancer cells may have travelled to distant parts of the body organs such as the lungs, liver or even bones</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">This information helps guide treatment plans so that doctors in oncology can provide tailored care to the specific medical needs of patients.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How does ovarian cancer develop?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Ovarian cancer usually begins with a mutation in healthy cells inside one or both of your ovaries. This mutation causes those cells to grow and divide at an accelerated rate until they form a mass of cancer cells. If this tumour is malignant (cancerous), it can spread to other parts of your body through your lymphatic system or bloodstream.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Epithelial ovarian cancer</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Epithelial ovarian cancer is one of the most common types of ovarian cancer, as it accounts for approximately 90% of all cases. They can be benign or malignant. While benign cancers are typically non-harmful and rarely require treatment in mild patients, malignant ones can cause devastating health problems.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Fallopian tube cancer</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Fallopian tube cancer is a rare form of ovarian cancer confined to the fallopian tubes, with fewer than 1% of ovarian cancers originating in this area. It is tough to detect in its early stages and has symptoms similar to other conditions, such as endometriosis.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What causes ovarian cancer?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">There are many potential causes of ovarian cancer, including genetic and lifestyle factors. Increased risk is associated with risk factors such as:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Being a female over the age of 50 years</li>
<li class="li1">A family history of ovarian cancer or breast cancer</li>
<li class="li1">Carrying specific gene mutations, e.g. changes in the BRCA gene, specifically BRCA1 and BRCA2, Lynch syndrome</li>
<li class="li1">Taking hormones such as estrogen for fertility issues or who have used hormonal treatments or birth control pills</li>
<li class="li1">Exposure to certain chemicals and pollutants</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">Studies have found that lifestyle choices can also be connected with an increased risk of ovarian cancer, such as smoking or consuming alcohol above recommended guidelines. Additionally, elevated levels of the hormone <a href="https://nowpatient.com/healthy-living-and-wellness/how-to-improve-insulin-sensitivity">insulin</a> in the body due to diet and lack of exercise are linked with increases in various forms of cancer, including ovarian cancer.</p>
<p class="p1">While it can be frightening to consider these risk factors, they can help inform treatment decisions and possibly prevent the occurrence of the disease in cases where those risks are present. Individuals at risk need to talk to their doctor about steps to reduce their chances of developing this serious form of cancer.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Ovarian cancer symptoms can be tricky to spot, as it often doesn&#8217;t present with any symptoms in its earliest stages. However, some of the most common signs and indicators of ovarian cancer can include:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Bloating</li>
<li class="li1">An urgent need to urinate</li>
<li class="li1">Pelvic and abdominal pain</li>
<li class="li1">Feeling tired all the time</li>
<li class="li1">Changes in bowel movements such as constipation or diarrhoea</li>
<li class="li1">Unexplained weight loss or gain</li>
<li class="li1">Unexplained changes in appetite</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">If you spot something unusual, reach out to your healthcare provider immediately so they can investigate further. Early diagnosis is key in ovarian cancer, so don’t wait until the symptoms worsen.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How to diagnose ovarian cancer</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Most early stages of an ovarian cancer diagnosis do not produce symptoms, making it difficult to diagnose accurately. However, women diagnosed in an early stage have a higher survival rate. Diagnosing ovarian cancer is a complex process that usually begins with a physical examination and a medical history review. Common tests used to diagnose the disease include:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Pelvic exams</li>
<li class="li1">Transvaginal ultrasound</li>
<li class="li1">Biopsies</li>
<li class="li1">CT scans</li>
<li class="li1">Blood tests such as the CA-125 test</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">During the pelvic exam, your doctor looks for abnormalities in the size or shape of the ovaries. At the same time, an ultrasound imaging test may reveal tumours that cannot be felt during a physical exam. The biopsy helps determine if any ovarian tissue contains cancerous cells, while imaging scans provide detailed images of the structure inside your body. Finally, the CA-125 test detects elevated levels of a protein in your blood that can indicate ovarian cancer. Though diagnostic testing for ovarian cancer can be intimidating and daunting due to its complexity, accurate diagnosis is key to successful treatment plans.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Genetic testing</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Genetic testing for ovarian cancer can be a powerful tool in diagnosing and treating the condition. This type of testing looks at specific genetic mutations linked to this disease&#8217;s development and progression. The results of this testing can provide valuable insight into how the <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/how-do-you-define-disease">disease</a> will progress, helping doctors create an appropriate treatment plan tailored to each patient&#8217;s needs. It may also help those at risk for serious illness identify genes associated with the condition and take preventative measures before symptoms become serious. In any case, genetic testing for ovarian cancer is an important step in diagnosing and treating this potentially life-threatening condition.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How is it treated?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Ovarian cancer treatment options depend on several factors, including age, overall health status, stage of the disease (how far it has spread), and whether you have had surgery before for ovarian cancer. Common treatments include:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Surgery to remove as much tumour as possible (debulking surgery)</li>
<li class="li1">Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes)</li>
<li class="li1">Chemotherapy. Medications such as Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Doxorubicin and Topotecan may be prescribed</li>
<li class="li1">Radiation therapy. Using high-energy rays (similar to x-rays) to kill cancer cells</li>
<li class="li1">Targeted therapy. Medications such as Bevacizumab, Rucaparib, Niraparib and Olaparib may be prescribed</li>
<li class="li1">Hormone therapy. Medications such as aromatase inhibitors, e.g. Letrozole and Tamoxifen and Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, e.g. Leuprolide acetate</li>
<li class="li1">Clinical trials using experimental treatments such as gene therapy or cryosurgery</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Is ovarian cancer curable?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Ovarian cancer is a difficult disease to treat, with many feeling hopeless about its diagnosis. However, this is not always the case. Multiple treatment levels are available depending on severity and stage that can make ovarian cancer curable. Early detection through awareness and screening is critical for the best outcome and immediate access to qualified medical support.</p>
<p class="p1">With early intervention and high-quality cancer care, patients can often overcome ovarian cancer completely or at least keep it from worsening. There is hope in these difficult times, and advances in healthcare give cause for optimism about a better prognosis for people with ovarian cancer.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Talk to your doctor</b></h2>
<p class="p1">If you have any concerns about possible signs or symptoms of ovarian cancer or want more information, talk to your doctor as soon as possible. They can answer any questions you have and provide guidance on the next steps for diagnosis and treatment if needed.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h3>Sources</h3>
<ul>
<li class="entry-title"><a href="https://eveappeal.org.uk/gynaecological-cancers/ovarian-cancer/">Ovarian Cancer &#8211; The Eve Appeal</a></li>
<li class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer">Ovarian Cancer &#8211; Cancer Research UK </a></li>
<li class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ovarian-cancer/">Overview Ovarian cancer &#8211; NHS </a></li>
</ul>


<p class="p1">You may have heard of tuberculosis, but what exactly is it? Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most often affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body, like the brain, spine, and kidneys.</p>
<p class="p1">TB is the 13th leading cause of death worldwide and the second leading infectious killer after COVID-19 (above HIV/AIDS). The World Health Organization reported an estimated 10 million new cases in 2019 alone. What is a TB? How do you get TB? For answers to these questions and more, keep reading to find out more.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What is TB?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Tuberculosis, more commonly known as TB, is a bacterial infection caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. It has been around for centuries, and it is believed to have killed 1 in 4 humans during its peak in the 19th century when we lacked the treatment and means to contain the bacterial spread. Although the bacteria can affect any part of the human body, it primarily targets the lungs, rendering them increasingly vulnerable to other serious illnesses. It is believed that one-third of the world’s population carries this bacterium without displaying any symptoms.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How is TB spread?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Tuberculosis is a highly contagious <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-the-most-common-infections">infection</a> that spreads through the air from infected persons to those in close contact. When an infected person talks, coughs or sneezes, microscopic droplets are released into the air and can be inhaled by anyone nearby. TB is most likely to spread when spending much time with an infected person in enclosed places, such as homes, offices or other small spaces like elevators. Although TB can survive longer in larger areas, it usually needs prolonged and close contact with a sick individual to get infected.</p>
<p class="p1">Most people who breathe in TB germs do not get sick because the body’s immune system can fight off the TB bacteria. However, some people cannot fight the TB germs because of certain health problems or weakened immune systems. These people will develop active TB <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-the-10-common-diseases">disease</a>.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What are the symptoms of TB disease?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">The symptoms of tuberculosis disease depend on where in the body the infection is located. Symptoms of TB disease in the lungs (pulmonary TB) may include:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">A bad cough that lasts more than 3 weeks</li>
<li class="li1">Chest pain</li>
<li class="li1">Coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm from deep inside the lungs)</li>
<li class="li1">Weakness or fatigue</li>
<li class="li1">Weight loss</li>
<li class="li1">No appetite</li>
<li class="li1">Chills</li>
<li class="li1">Fever</li>
<li class="li1">Sweating at night</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">Suppose the infection has spread to other parts of your body, such as the kidney, bone, joint, gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes, meninges (the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), eye, heart, or endocrine glands. In that case, additional symptoms occur depending on which organs are affected. You may experience additional symptoms such as:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Headache</li>
<li class="li1">Seizures</li>
<li class="li1">Nausea and vomiting</li>
<li class="li1">Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)</li>
<li class="li1">Swelling in your abdomen</li>
</ul>
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<h2 class="p2"><b>Different types of tuberculosis infection</b></h2>
<p class="p1">A person can be infected with TB in two ways: active TB or latent TB infection.</p>
<p class="p1">Active TB symptoms can include a persistent cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, night sweats, fever, loss of appetite and unintentional weight loss. In comparison, people with latent TB infection may not have any symptoms connected to the infection and, therefore, may not even realise they have it. The main difference between active and latent TB infections is treatment. While both require antibiotics to eradicate the bacteria completely, those with active infections need multiple drugs over a long period to prevent complications. Those with latent infections are likely on a single drug for a much shorter duration.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How is TB disease diagnosed?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. They will also perform a physical exam. To confirm the diagnosis, your doctor may order one or more of the following tests:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">A chest X-ray – This can show changes in your lungs that are characteristic of TB disease</li>
<li class="li1">A skin test – This is also known as the Mantoux tuberculin skin test. A positive skin test means you have been infected with TB bacteria at some point. A negative skin test means you probably do not have a TB infection, or you have recently been infected, and your body has not had time to develop a positive reaction to the skin test</li>
<li class="li1">A blood test can show if you have antibodies to the TB bacteria in your blood. These tests, also called interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), measure the response when TB proteins are mixed with a small amount of your blood</li>
<li class="li1">A sputum sample – A sputum sample is a sample of mucus that you cough up from your lungs. The sample is examined under a microscope for evidence of TB bacteria. It can also be cultured for TB bacteria</li>
<li class="li1">A biopsy – In some cases, a small tissue sample (biopsy) from your lung may be removed and examined under a microscope for evidence of TB bacteria.</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">If you have a latent TB infection and no symptoms of TB disease, you may not need any tests. Your doctor may want to check on you occasionally to ensure the latent infection does not develop into an active disease.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How is TB Disease Treated?</b></h2>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Treatment for Active Tuberculosis Disease</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Active TB disease occurs when someone who has never had tuberculosis or whose previous illness was cured becomes sick with active tuberculosis because their body cannot stop the multiplication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in their lungs or other organs.</p>
<p class="p1">Active tuberculosis is an infectious disease that typically affects the lungs but may spread to other body areas. If left untreated, a person with active tuberculosis can spread it to other people.</p>
<p class="p1">Treatment for Active Tuberculosis requires at least 6 months of medication to kill the bacteria that cause the infection. The usual treatment is:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">2 antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) for 6 months</li>
<li class="li1">2 additional antibiotics (pyrazinamide and ethambutol) for the first 2 months of the 6-month treatment period</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">Drugs must be taken regularly as prescribed by your doctor or health care provider. Patients should follow directions carefully and take all required medications until their doctor tells them they have completed their treatment. Sticking to this schedule of treatment increases success rates significantly.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Treatment for Latent TB Infection</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Latent TB Infection is a non-threatening form of TB in which no symptoms are present, and neither can it be spread to others. However, if left untreated, it can lead to active TB, which presents more serious health complications. Treatment for latent TB generally involves:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Either taking a combination of rifampin and isoniazid for 3 months</li>
<li class="li1">Or isoniazid on its own for 6 months</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">Other methods involve taking <a href="https://nowpatient.com/healthy-living-and-wellness/what-happens-if-i-take-too-much-vitamin-d">Vitamin D</a> supplements to boost the body&#8217;s immune system or using Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination to prevent reoccurrence and even reverse LTBI. Regardless of the chosen treatment option, recipients will require regular follow-ups and tests to ensure their bodies clear the infection completely.</p>
<p class="p1">Patients must take all their medications exactly as their doctors prescribe so drug-resistant strains do not develop during therapy.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Drug-resistant TB</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Drug-resistant tuberculosis can occur when TB bacteria become resistant to standard drugs used to treat the disease. An inadequate or incomplete course of TB treatment causes it. When people fail to take their medication as prescribed and complete their full course of treatment, bacteria may survive and become resistant to the drugs used in conventional treatment. Drug-resistant TB can have serious consequences ranging from longer and more complex treatments, with considerable inconvenience to patients, to greatly reduced cure rates. Suspected cases of drug-resistant TB must be tested immediately for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Side effects of treatment</b></h2>
<p class="p1">During treatment, people usually feel better within 2 to 3 weeks after starting therapy. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, stomachache, diarrhoea/constipation, headache, fatigue/weakness, itching/rash, joint pain/swelling, hair loss, fever/chills and night sweats. Most side effects go away gradually after therapy, although some effects, such as hearing loss associated with ethambutol use, could be permanent.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Who is at high risk of catching TB?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">People at high risk of catching TB are those with weakened immune systems, such as:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Young children</li>
<li class="li1">Pregnant women</li>
<li class="li1">Individuals with HIV/AIDS</li>
<li class="li1">Individuals with chronic diseases such as kidney disease or diabetes</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">Additionally, certain jobs or occupations present a higher risk than others. Healthcare workers may be more exposed than the general population due to high patient contact rates. Furthermore, TB is often passed from person to person within the same family. Therefore, close family members of an individual affected by TB can potentially be at risk of TB themselves.</p>
<p class="p1">Unfortunately, due to overcrowded living spaces and lack of adequate nutrition and healthcare facilities in many parts of the world, rates of TB are still quite high around the world. As such, it is important to be aware of risk factors associated with TB so that preventative measures can be taken more proactively.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Prevention of TB</b></h2>
<p class="p1">While the BCG vaccine offers some protection against TB, it does not provide complete immunity and is not recommended for everyone in certain settings. A key way to help prevent the spread of TB is to practice good hygiene habits, such as washing hands regularly, particularly after coughing or sneezing and covering your nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing important to avoid exposing others. Additionally, ensuring proper ventilation in living and work spaces can help prevent the spread of airborne droplets that may contain TB bacteria. In general, taking steps to protect yourself and those around you from respiratory illnesses can help reduce the risk of contracting and spreading the infection.</p>
<p class="p1">The BCG vaccine is not given as part of the standard NHS vaccination schedule but plays a vital role in helping to prevent TB. However, it&#8217;s recommended only for those considered at higher risk of contracting this illness and must be administered just once within an individual’s lifetime. If you think you may have come into contact with tuberculosis or are concerned about your current level of protection against this infection, speak with a healthcare professional today.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Is TB curable?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Yes, TB is curable. If you have tuberculosis and you’re treated, your outlook is good if you’ve followed directions and taken your medications for as long as you should and in the way you were told.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Seek help</b></h2>
<p class="p1">TB is a serious infection, but it is treatable and curable. If you think you might have symptoms of TB disease, it’s important that you see a doctor right away so you can start treatment. You can get rid of the infection and live a healthy life with proper treatment.</p>
<h3>Sources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/">Tuberculosis (TB) &#8211; NHS</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis">Tuberculosis &#8211; World Health Organization </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/signsandsymptoms.htm">Signs &amp; Symptoms &#8211; CDC </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583136/">Risk Factors for Tuberculosis &#8211; NIH </a></li>
</ul>


<p class="p1">Menopause is a health topic all women experience in their lifetime. It marks the end of a woman’s reproductive years and typically occurs between the ages of 45-55. While menopause brings many changes, it is important to understand what is happening in your body during this transition to make informed decisions about your healthcare. Let’s explore the basics of menopause so you can be better prepared for this life change.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What is Menopause?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstrual periods in any woman due to the depletion of ovarian follicles. A typical age range for menopause is 45-55, but it may happen earlier or later than this. The average age that women experience menopause in the United Kingdom is 51 years old. The onset of menopause can be abrupt or gradual, but most women experience an average two-year period leading up to their last period before they enter menopausal status. This period is known as perimenopause and is characterised by irregular menstrual cycles, hot flashes, night sweats, <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-is-chronic-insomnia">insomnia</a>, mood swings, and other symptoms associated with hormonal imbalance.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What causes Menopause?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Menopause is caused by a decrease in hormones released from the ovaries. This decrease in hormone production leads to the cessation of periods and fertility, marking the end of a woman&#8217;s reproductive years. As hormone levels decline, some women may experience symptoms. There are also a number of medical conditions that can cause these same symptoms, so it is important to get checked out by your doctor if you think you may be entering menopause.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Hormonal changes during Menopause</b></h2>
<p class="p1">During menopause, hormone production decreases significantly in both estrogen and progesterone levels. This hormone decrease causes physical changes like hot flashes and night sweats and emotional changes like mood swings and irritability. Additionally, this hormone decrease can lead to an increased risk of <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/osteoporosis-symptoms">osteoporosis</a> due to lower bone density. To reduce this risk, many doctors recommend taking calcium supplements or drinking more milk, both rich sources of calcium.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>The role of Estrogen</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Estrogen is one of the primary female sex hormones, which plays a critical role in menopause. During menopause, estrogen levels decrease, resulting in menopausal symptoms. Estrogen also helps protect bones, maintain cholesterol levels and manages stress and other emotions. Overwhelmingly, research has found that low estradiol (a form of estrogen) levels during menopause may increase the risk of health conditions such as heart disease and breast cancer.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>The role of Progesterone</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Progesterone plays a critical role in menopause, and its levels can be used to indicate the menopausal transition. It also helps to regulate menstrual cycles and prepare the uterine lining for pregnancy. Furthermore, progesterone is produced during the early stages of pregnancy to support healthy development. However, when menopause begins, progesterone levels drop, leading to irregular menstrual cycles and an increased risk of uterine cancer.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Stages of Menopause</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Menopause is a normal phase of life for women, and it can begin anytime in their 40s or 50s. During this time, there are three distinct stages: perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Perimenopause</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Perimenopause is the first stage, beginning several years before menopause, when the body goes through hormonal changes as it prepares for the menopausal transition. It is marked by irregular menstrual cycles and may include vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, etc.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Menopause</b></h3>
<p class="p1">The second stage is menopause, usually lasting 1-2 years. At this point in life, the ovaries produce fewer hormones, including estrogen, which causes cessation of menstruation and childbearing capability.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Postmenopause</b></h3>
<p class="p1">The third stage is postmenopause; it begins after the final menstrual period and continues until the end of a woman&#8217;s life. It brings a range of physical and emotional experiences that require attention to remain healthy across all aspects of life.</p>
<p class="p1">All stages of menopause should be discussed with your doctor to maximise your health during this important transition in life.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Premature menopause versus natural menopause</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Although menopause is considered a normal part of life for women, some experience it differently. Premature menopause occurs before age 40 and can produce more severe symptoms than natural menopause, which generally happens between the ages of 45-55.</p>
<p class="p1">Premature menopause or early menopause is caused by a medical treatment such as radiation or chemotherapy, removal of ovaries (oophorectomy) or the uterus (hysterectomy) or by conditions like autoimmune diseases. Natural menopause, on the other hand, is when a woman&#8217;s menstrual cycle finally stops as her hormone levels decline.</p>
<p class="p1">While women experiencing premature menopause may experience the same symptoms as natural menopause, they will often have these symptoms much earlier in life and with greater intensity. It is important to seek medical advice if you are approaching unnatural menopausal age and experiencing common symptoms. A doctor may recommend lifestyle changes or possible treatments to help transition somewhat more manageable. Experiencing premenopausal symptoms at an early age is not uncommon, and support groups are available if needed.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What are the symptoms of Menopause?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">While it can be difficult and uncertain, understanding the typical symptoms faced during menopause can help you find ways to manage them. Common physical and emotional symptoms associated with menopause include:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Hot flushes</li>
<li class="li1">Menstrual irregularity</li>
<li class="li1">Sleep problems</li>
<li class="li1">Fatigue</li>
<li class="li1">Weight gain</li>
<li class="li1">Urinary incontinence</li>
<li class="li1">Reduced sex drive</li>
<li class="li1">Depression and other <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-is-mental-health">mental health</a> issues</li>
<li class="li1">Mood changes</li>
<li class="li1">Urinary tract <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-the-4-types-of-infections">infections</a></li>
<li class="li1">Vaginal dryness</li>
</ul>
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<h2 class="p2"><b>How long does Menopause last?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">The length of time each woman experiences menopause varies greatly depending on her individual health history and lifestyle habits. Generally speaking, most women will complete the transition within 2-5 years after their last period. During this time, it is important to discuss any potential side effects with your doctor so they can provide treatment options or lifestyle recommendations that best fit your needs.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What are some treatment options for menopausal symptoms?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Menopause is an important transition period in a woman&#8217;s life that can cause unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms. Fortunately, there are several menopause treatments available to help ease these effects.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Medication</b></h3>
<p class="p1"><strong>HRT</strong></p>
<p class="p1">Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) or menopausal hormone therapy is prescribed to replace the naturally present female hormones estrogen and progesterone. This treatment helps by stimulating the ovaries to make hormones, regulating the menstrual cycle, and relieving menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats.</p>
<p class="p1">In HRT, hormones are replaced with oral medication, topical products such as vaginal creams or gels, pessaries and even vaginal rings. Oral medications come in pill form and are typically taken daily. Vaginal creams or gels provide localised relief for areas experiencing increased dryness or discomfort during menopause. Pessaries, also known as suppositories, are soft tablets that dissolve inside your vagina and may provide a long-term option for symptom relief. Last but not least, vaginal rings are inserted into the vagina, designed to release a steady dose of hormones over time continuously.</p>
<h3 class="p1">Lubricants</h3>
<p class="p1">As menopause progresses, some individuals experience vaginal dryness, itching, and discomfort during intercourse. To address these symptoms, your doctor may recommend the use of lubricants. Lubricants are effective for menopausal women because they reduce friction during sexual activity and help keep the vagina lubricated and comfortable. When shopping for a lubricant, it is important to choose one that is suited to your needs. Your doctor or pharmacist can help you select an appropriate product that is safe to use and doesn’t aggravate your menopausal symptoms. By utilising the right type of lubricant in menopause, you can enjoy the pleasurable aspects of intimacy with less pain and more comfort.</p>
<h3 class="p1">Vitamin D</h3>
<p class="p1">Vitamin D is quickly forming a reputation as an effective treatment for menopause-related symptoms. Studies have shown that in some cases, vitamin D supplementation can reduce menopause symptoms such as mood changes, insomnia and joint pain. Furthermore, regular vitamin D intake helps maintain bone density and prevent osteoporosis, common in menopausal women due to hormonal depletion. If you suspect menopausal symptoms or are just looking to bolster your health during menopause, consider supplementing with vitamin D as a safe and beneficial option.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Lifestyle changes</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Non-hormonal treatments are also available, including lifestyle changes like improved diet and exercise, over-the-counter medications like ibuprofen and paracetamol, and herbals like black cohosh or flaxseed oil to help reduce symptoms of menopause.</p>
<p class="p1">It&#8217;s important for every woman facing this transition to discuss her treatment options with her primary care physician to find what works best for her needs.</p>
<p class="p1">Women&#8217;s health and menopause are two important yet often overlooked topics by healthcare providers. Women need to feel empowered and informed about their bodies&#8217; natural changes during menopause for an easier transition. Being familiar with symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, irregular periods, mood swings, and more is key as a patient. Knowing these common signs of menopause can help create personalised plans tailored to each woman’s needs during this time. While medical treatments are available depending on the severity of symptoms experienced, it is always beneficial to practice self-care, such as eating healthy, exercising regularly and drinking plenty of water. By recognising and managing symptoms associated with this stage in life, women can thrive with newfound confidence no matter their age!</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>FAQ’s</b></h2>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Can a woman have an orgasm after Menopause?</b></h3>
<p class="p1">In menopause, changes in the body can make achieving orgasm more difficult. However, research has shown that women who have gone through menopause can still experience sexual pleasure and even orgasms during sexual activity and masturbation. Women going through menopause should not feel discouraged or embarrassed about their bodies ability to experience sexual pleasure still. Menopausal women must be honest and speak to their partners openly about their needs. Adequate foreplay, communication and experimenting over time can lead to a satisfying and pleasurable sexual experience for menopausal women.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Can periods restart after Menopause?</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Though menopause indicates the end of menstruation as we know it, there are cases where periods can restart after menopause. This phenomenon is known as secondary amenorrhea, and why or how it occurs is not fully understood. As menopause is marked by 12 consecutive months without any periods, postmenopausal women with resumed cycles following menopause need to reassess with their doctor as this could indicate underlying health issues. It is essential to keep up with regular health checks during and after menopause to maintain overall well-being.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Can Menopause cause high blood pressure?</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Menopause has been associated with various potential health issues, including an increased risk of <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-the-causes-of-high-blood-pressure">high blood pressure</a>. The menopausal transition phase features a number of shifts in hormone production and levels, some of which are known to impact the cardiovascular system. Researchers are still studying menopause, its role in hormone production, and how these changes can trigger higher-than-normal <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/low-and-high-blood-pressure">blood pressure</a> levels. Women who experience menopause should consult their doctor if they find they have elevated blood pressure readings at the same time. Regular hypertension checks are also recommended to monitor changes during the menopausal transition phases.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Can you get pregnant after Menopause?</b></h3>
<p class="p1">While it is generally considered that menopause means a woman can no longer be pregnant, there remains a possible risk of pregnancy. Women in menopause still have eggs in their ovaries, meaning conception is possible. Therefore, anyone engaging in sexual activity should use birth control to reduce the risk of an unwanted pregnancy. Some women may continue to experience mild menstrual inflammation and subtle hormonal changes even post-menopause, so it&#8217;s important not to take this potential risk lightly. If a woman does become pregnant after menopause, contact your healthcare provider immediately for advice.</p>
<h3>Sources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/menopause/">Menopuase &#8211; NHS</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.themenopausecharity.org/menopause/">Menopause Information &#8211; The Menopause Charity </a></li>
<li><a href="https://thebms.org.uk/education/principles-practice-of-menopause-care/bms-ppmc-resources-toolkit/what-is-the-menopause/">What is the Menopause? &#8211; The BMS </a></li>
</ul>


<p class="p1">Have you ever heard of bird flu? Bird flu, also known as avian flu, is an animal disease mainly affecting birds caused by the influenza A virus. Human infections were first reported in 1997 in Hong Kong, although the risk of this happening is very low. In this blog post, we’ll look at bird flu, how it spreads, and what you should do if you think you may have been exposed to it.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What is Bird Flu?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Bird flu is a notifiable disease; if you do not report it, you’re breaking the law. Bird flu is a type of influenza caused by viruses that infect wild birds, poultry (chickens, turkeys), and other animals like pigs. The <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-was-the-1st-virus-in-the-world">virus</a> typically does not cause serious illness in birds but can make them sick or even kill them. Most bird flu viruses cannot easily spread from one person to another; however, some strains can cause <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-the-10-common-diseases">disease</a> in people and are considered dangerous.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How does Bird Flu spread?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Bird flu, or avian influenza, can spread from birds to humans when a human comes into direct contact with an infected bird’s saliva, nasal secretions, droppings, or feathers. The virus can also spread through indirect contamination, such as airborne particles from infected poultry being slaughtered or processed. Humans may then inhale these particles or contaminate surfaces other people touch.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What are the symptoms of Bird Flu in humans?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Bird flu, medically known as avian influenza, is an infectious respiratory virus that primarily infects birds but can also spread to humans. The symptoms of bird flu vary widely depending on the strain of bird flu but typically include fever, cough, muscle aches, and respiratory distress, including difficulty breathing. Other common symptoms may include headache, sore throat, exhaustion, vomiting and diarrhoea. Most people experience a rapid onset of severe medical issues if infected with bird flu. Therefore, it is important to be informed of potential risks and avoid contact with poultry or other animals if you think you have been exposed to bird flu.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Signs that a bird may be infected with Bird Flu</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Bird flu is highly contagious and can quickly take hold in bird populations, making it a major concern for bird owners. The <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-3-examples-of-common-viruses">viruses</a> are classified according to their ability to cause severe disease (pathogenicity) in birds as either highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) or low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). Understanding the signs that may point to infection is essential, as these will help prompt treatment earlier.</p>
<p class="p1">Generally, birds infected with HPAI become very ill, often showing distinctive signs such as an inability to stand, respiratory distress or nervous signs, including seizures or tremors. LPAI is often less obvious, with symptoms such as a drop in egg production, soft-shelled eggs, increased sleeping, and changes to water consumption indicative of infection.</p>
<p class="p1">In both cases, it is best to contact your vet early so they can help identify any potential problems and promptly start treatment.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How does Bird Flu spread to humans?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">While rare, there have been cases of human transmission from birds to humans, which has caused <a href="https://nowpatient.com/healthy-living-and-wellness/how-can-we-self-monitor-our-health">health</a> experts to pay close attention. It can be passed to humans from close contact with infected birds or through airborne transmission from an area with a large concentration of birds, such as poultry farms. The severity of bird flu, when passed to humans, varies depending on the virus strain; some strains are less dangerous to humans than others, but the virus can cause serious respiratory illness and even death in some cases.</p>
<p class="p1">The risk of transmission is higher in areas where people, domestic birds, and domestic poultry reside closely together. Most people who contract bird flu are either workers at poultry farms or caregivers for infected migrating birds. These people need to take extra caution not to come into contact with other birds and to regularly wash their hands if they have been exposed to the virus. It is also important for those travelling abroad in areas where avian influenza is present (such as Southeast Asia) to take care and watch out for any signs of severe respiratory problems should they become ill after returning home.</p>
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<h2 class="p2"><b>Different strains of the Bird Flu virus</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Avian influenza viruses are classified using two specific proteins called H and N. Knowing which type of avian influenza virus is present is important so relevant measures can be taken to prevent further spread or illness.</p>
<p class="p1">Bird flu viruses come in many forms, with only four subtypes of particular concern to public health:</p>
<p class="p1">H5N1 (1997), H7N9 (2013), H5N6 (2014) and the recently discovered strain, H5NI8.</p>
<p class="p1">Though not all bird flu strains are as dangerous to humans, H5N1 remains the most threatening. This form of avian influenza has been responsible for numerous deaths since its first identification in 1997. It continues to be a danger today: nearly 60% of those infected with this virus don&#8217;t survive.</p>
<p class="p1">Though the risk of humans contracting avian influenza is still very low, a new strain – H5 &#8211; was detected in January 2022 for the first time in Britain. It&#8217;s important to keep safe and not make contact with any sick or dead birds. Only five cases have ever been recorded in the UK so far, all related to the H7 virus.</p>
<p class="p1">Thankfully, organisations like the World Health Organization continue working diligently towards preventing further infections through research and awareness campaigns.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What happens when Bird Flu is confirmed in poultry or captive birds?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">In the UK, the <span class="s1">Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</span> (Defra) and its delivery agency, the<span class="s1"> Animal and Plant Health Agency</span> (APHA), are responsible for responding to and managing avian influenza in poultry and other captive birds.</p>
<p class="p1">If bird flu is confirmed in the UK, rapid biosecurity measures are introduced to minimise the spread risk. This generally includes the implementation of a prevention zone and surveillance zone around the outbreak site, which restricts animal movements. All bird keepers must then undertake a risk assessment, including what additional biosecurity measures they must take to reduce their risk of exposure.</p>
<p class="p1">A vaccination programme may also be implemented, followed by testing and monitoring for any surrounding farms or premises to ensure that bird flu does not spread further. These UK biosecurity measures are crucial in preventing the spread of bird flu. However, all owners of poultry and captive birds need to remain alert for signs of avian influenza.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What should you do if you think you’ve been exposed to Bird Flu?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">If you think you may have been exposed to bird flu, contact your doctor or healthcare professional immediately for advice on testing and treatment options. It is essential to avoid contact with any birds or their droppings until your doctor has determined that you are not at risk for infection. Additionally, practising good hygiene habits such as washing hands frequently and avoiding touching your nose or eyes with unwashed hands after handling any potentially contaminated materials is crucial.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What is the treatment for Bird Flu?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">To treat bird flu antiviral medications like Tamiflu or Relenza may be prescribed to treat cases or suspected cases of avian influenza. Antivirals help reduce symptoms if one has already become infected.</p>
<p class="p1">In addition, getting plenty of rest and taking over-the-counter pain relievers if necessary is important. Hydration is also key &#8211; drinking lots of fluids can help your body combat the infection more quickly.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Seek help</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Bird flu is a contagious viral infection that affects birds and other animals, including humans, in rare cases. While the risk of getting infected with bird flu from an animal source is low, it is important to protect yourself if you think you may have been exposed. Be sure to contact your doctor or healthcare professional right away if you think there’s a chance that you were exposed so they can determine whether testing and treatment are necessary for your situation. Taking these simple steps will help keep you safe.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Frequently asked questions</b></h2>
<h3 class="p2"><b>What should I do if I come across a dead bird?</b></h3>
<p class="p1">If you encounter a dead bird, it is important to approach the situation cautiously. Firstly, do not attempt to touch or handle the bird, as bird flu can be transmitted from birds to humans if touched without protective clothing. It is also advisable to avoid contact with any bird droppings that the bird may have left behind. You should contact your local bird rescue or animal control centre for advice about what to do next to ensure that bird flu does not spread further. Doing so can help protect both yourself and other bird species in the UK.</p>
<p class="p1">When to report dead wild birds and how to report them in England, Scotland and Wales, please visit https://<a href="http://www.gov.uk/guidance/report-dead-wild-birds"><span class="s1">www.gov.uk/guidance/report-dead-wild-birds</span></a> for further information.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Is bird flu dangerous to humans?</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Different types vary in severity, and H5N1 has a higher mortality rate than other forms. Those infected can face serious symptoms such as sepsis, pneumonia and organ failure that require urgent medical attention if you have recently come into contact with birds.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Why are we concerned about bird flu outbreaks?</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Bird flu outbreaks are a serious cause for concern because they can result in severe human illnesses. Certain circumstances increase the risk of transmission from birds to humans, such as when people and domesticated animals live or work near one another &#8211; like during culling operations. Scientists are concerned that the bird flu virus may combine with a human flu virus and mutate, making transmission between humans possible and creating pandemic-level threats.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h3>Sources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bird-flu/">Bird Flu &#8211; NHS </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/avian-influenza-bird-flu">Bird flu (avian influenza): how to spot and report it in poultry or other captive birds &#8211; Gov UK </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/notifiable-diseases-and-causative-organisms-how-to-report">Notifiable diseases and causative organisms: how to report &#8211; Gov UK </a></li>
<li><a href="https://deframedia.blog.gov.uk/2022/11/10/frequently-asked-questions-about-the-current-bird-flu-outbreak/">FAQ about the current bird flu outbreak &#8211; Deframedia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3068632/">The Bird Flu: A New Emerging Pandemic Threat And Its Pharmacological Intervention &#8211; NIH</a></li>
</ul>


<p class="p1">Each year in the UK, around 2,300 men are diagnosed with testicular cancer, according to Macmillan Cancer Support UK. Testicular cancer is usually curable. It is a type of cancer that affects the testicles, which are part of the male reproductive system. While it is relatively rare, testicular cancer is the most common form among men aged between 15-45 years. Men in this age group need to be aware of the signs and symptoms of testicular cancer, so they can recognise them if they ever experience them.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>The testicles</b></h2>
<p class="p1">The testicles, also known as the testes, are an important part of a man&#8217;s urinary and reproductive system. The anatomy of the testicles is complex and includes the seminal vesicles, epididymis, vas deferens, scrotum, tunica albuginea and Leydig cells. They produce testosterone, the primary male hormone that helps regulate many features associated with male traits, such as muscle growth and facial hair. Additionally, the testicles are responsible for creating sperm necessary for fertility.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What is testicular cancer?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of one or both testicles (the male sex organs located inside the scrotum). This type of cancer starts when healthy cells in the testicles change and grow out of control, forming a tumour. Cancer cells can grow quickly, and the tumour can grow beyond the testicle. Some cells might break away and spread to other parts of the body. Testicular cancer most often spreads to the lymph nodes, liver and lungs.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Types of testicular cancer</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that can adversely affect both men and adolescents. It begins in the cells of one or both testicles located in the scrotum. There are several types of testicular cancer, including non-seminoma, seminoma, and mixed germ cell tumours.</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Non-seminomas typically grow more rapidly than seminomas, which tend to be slower-growing and less aggressive. The 4 main types of non-seminoma tumours are embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma</li>
<li class="li1">Seminomas tend to grow and spread more slowly than non-seminomas. The 2 main subtypes of these tumours are<i> </i>classical (or typical) seminomas and spermatocytic seminomas</li>
<li class="li1">Mixed germ cell tumours may contain a combination of both non-seminoma and seminoma cells</li>
<li class="li1">Other types include sex-cord stromal tumours and lymphomas</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">Depending on the type of testicular cancer someone has, they may have different treatments. Understanding the type of testicular cancer one has is important in selecting the best treatment plan for one as an individual.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What does testicular cancer feel like?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Testicular cancer can cause varying levels of discomfort, from mild to severe. It could be a dull ache or pain in the testicle, a feeling of heaviness within the scrotum, a dragging sensation in the lower abdomen or back pain, or any combination of these and more.</p>
<p class="p1">Testicular cancer pain may come and go intermittently over weeks or months, and changes in the size or texture of one testicle can be a sign that something is wrong. If you are experiencing any unexplained pains or abnormalities around your testicles, it&#8217;s important to have them checked out by a doctor as soon as possible. Early detection gives you the best chance at successful treatment and recovery.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What does testicular cancer look like?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">The main symptom to look for is a hard painless lump or mass in your testicles that begins to grow. It’s important to keep an eye on changes in the size and shape of your testicles during regular self-exams. Other symptoms can include a change in the consistency of the testicle, scrotal pain and swollen lymph nodes near the groin region.</p>
<p class="p1">If you notice any lumps or other changes, you should visit your doctor as soon as possible for further examination and diagnosis. These symptoms could often be signs of a minor issue that does not require treatment; however, getting checked by a medical professional can help identify any issues that may need treatment right away.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How to check for testicular cancer</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Checking for testicular cancer is essential to a man&#8217;s self-care routine. It can greatly reduce your risk of having this type of cancer advance to a more severe stage. It’s best to perform a testicular self-exam once a month:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Begin by checking each testicle separately</li>
<li class="li1">After standing with your hands at your sides, place the index and middle finger of one hand beneath the testicle while placing the thumb on top</li>
<li class="li1">Firmly but gently, roll the testicle between your fingers to feel for any lumps or changes in size or shape</li>
<li class="li1">Repeat this same process with the other testicle before continuing to inspect each one up close using both hands for comparison</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">If you are unsure or uncomfortable with performing this exam, you should speak with your doctor about how to proceed correctly.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<h2 class="p2"><b>What are the 5 warning signs of testicular cancer?</b></h2>
<h3 class="p1">5 common warning signs to look out for are:</h3>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Swellings or enlargements in one or both testicles</li>
<li class="li1">A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum</li>
<li class="li1">Growing aches or pains in the lower belly</li>
<li class="li1">Collection of fluid in the scrotum</li>
<li class="li1">Tenderness, discomfort or changes in the size or shape of the testicles</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Does testicular cancer itch?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">While many men think itching could indicate testicular cancer, it is rarely the primary symptom. This means that itching around your testicles may not require special testing or treatment for cancer. However, if you notice any unusual changes in your testicles, such as lumps or swelling, it&#8217;s important to immediately speak with a healthcare provider.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How fast does testicular cancer spread?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Testicular cancer can spread relatively quickly but varies based on the type. The two most common types, seminoma and non-seminoma, have different growth rates. Seminomas tend to grow slowly compared to non-seminomas which can spread more quickly.</p>
<p class="p1">It&#8217;s important to catch testicular cancer as soon as possible so treatments can be started before spreading too far. Your doctor will perform tests and discuss your treatment options based on how fast cancer will likely spread. Remember that many testicular cancers are either slow growing or even stop growing once treated, giving you a good chance for recovery.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Factors that may increase your risk of testicular cancer</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Various factors have been linked to an increased risk of testicular cancer:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Age is the primary factor, with diagnoses disproportionately affecting men between 15 and 40 years of age</li>
<li class="li1">A family history of testicular cancer and having undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) in the past</li>
<li class="li1">Having mumps at an older age</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">A number of lifestyle-related risk factors are thought to contribute as well, including using anabolic steroids, heavy alcohol use, being overweight or obese, poor diet and lack of exercise, exposure to hazardous chemicals in the workplace, and smoking or recreational drug use.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How is testicular cancer diagnosed?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Diagnosing testicular cancer typically begins with a physical exam by your doctor, who will feel the scrotum area to test for any lumps or unusual enlargements. Your doctor may also recommend a blood test to check for tumour markers. The tumour markers that are often elevated in testicular cancer are alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG or beta-HCG) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).</p>
<p class="p1">Ultrasound is usually the next step, which can reveal if there are any tumours present on the testicles or other suspicious areas nearby. Your doctor may also order a biopsy to confirm or rule out the presence of cancer cells.</p>
<p class="p1">If you have been diagnosed with testicular cancer, your doctor may suggest additional tests such as chest x-ray and CT scans to see if the cancer has spread beyond the testicles. Along with diagnosing this type of cancer, these screenings are important in planning treatment and predicting prognosis.</p>
<p class="p1">This information will help the oncology and urology team identify the most appropriate treatment regimen, as each type of testicular tumour responds differently.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Testicular cancer treatment</b></h3>
<p class="p1">There are three main treatments for testicular cancer: surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Surgery is typically the first line of treatment and involves the removal of the testicle containing the tumour, which can reduce pain and improve the signs and symptoms of cancer. Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to kill any remaining cancer cells, while chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Treatment plans for testicular cancer may also include hormone therapy, depending on cancer type, stage or spread.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Surgery &#8211; </b>Orchiectomy</h3>
<p class="p1">If testicular cancer is detected in its early stages, orchiectomy may be the only treatment you require. Orchiectomy is a surgical procedure to remove one or both of the affected testicles. It can help relieve discomfort and reduce the chance of cancer spreading throughout the body.</p>
<p class="p1">There are potential side effects that patients should discuss with their doctors before undergoing an orchiectomy; these could include <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-is-the-main-cause-for-erectile-dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a> and reduced fertility in men since there will no longer be any sperm production. If both testicles are removed (a bilateral orchidectomy), you&#8217;ll be infertile. You may be able to use sperm banking before having a bilateral orchidectomy to allow you to father children if you decide to.</p>
<p class="p1">After the testes are removed, hormone therapy may be administered to ensure that testosterone levels remain balanced. Orchiectomies can have significant physical and psychological effects. Hence, it is important for anyone considering this procedure to speak with a medical professional beforehand in order to understand their options fully.</p>
<h3 class="p1">Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RLND)</h3>
<p class="p1">More advanced cases of testicular cancer may require retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. This procedure may be performed if testicular cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes and the doctor attempts to remove the affected cells.</p>
<p class="p1">RLND is considered a more complicated procedure than other testicular cancer surgeries. During this operation, doctors work very hard to minimise side effects such as male infertility and other complications such as damage to the nerves involved in ejaculation.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Radiation therapy</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Radiation therapy is an important tool used in the treatment of testicular cancer. In some cases, radiation therapy can be used alone to treat cancer if it is found early. However, in more advanced stages, radiation therapy is usually recommended after surgery to remove the tumours or as a follow-up for other treatments such as chemotherapy.</p>
<p class="p1">During radiation therapy, high-energy x-rays are delivered directly to the area where the tumour was removed, which helps destroy any remaining cancer cells. Radiation treatments must be done regularly over some time, and patients may feel fatigued during and shortly after treatment. Despite its drawbacks, if appropriately administered, radiation therapy can be incredibly effective at treating testicular cancer.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Chemotherapy</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Chemotherapy is a treatment for testicular cancer that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It is often used when other treatments have not worked or have been unsuccessful. Patients will be given medication through an intravenous (IV) line or orally during chemotherapy. The exact cocktail of drugs and the length of treatment depends on the stage and type of cancer being treated, but it can last weeks to months.</p>
<p class="p1">Chemotherapy can sometimes be painful, cause nausea and vomiting, lower fertility in men temporarily, and cause fatigue and <a href="https://nowpatient.com/healthy-living-and-wellness/the-link-between-diabetes-and-hair-loss">hair loss</a>. Despite these potential side effects, this treatment effectively combats testicular cancer and provides many long-term survivors with a better quality of life.</p>
<p class="p1">All these treatments have been tested in clinical trials and work to treat testicular cancer in over 95% of cases successfully. Often combinations of different therapies are used to achieve the best outcome with minimal side effects. Your doctor will work with you to find a treatment plan that fits your needs.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Survival rates of testicular cancer</b></h2>
<p class="p1">According to Cancer Research UK, testicular cancer has become one of the most survivable cancers, with a 95% 1-year and 5-year survival rate and a 90% 10-year survival rate in England. No UK-wide survival statistics are available for testicular cancer that has spread.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Seek help early</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Testicular cancer can be a frightening diagnosis, but it is a treatable form of cancer with the proper cancer care from an experienced oncologist. Knowing about its risks and early signs can help diagnose it early so that treatment can begin sooner and help improve outcomes significantly. If you experience any signs or symptoms of this <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-the-10-common-diseases">disease</a>, it’s important to see your doctor immediately for further evaluation and treatment if necessary. With proper medical care, most patients can fully recover from this type of cancer.</p>
<h3>Sources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/testicular-cancer/">Testicular Cancer &#8211; NHS </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/testicular-cancer">What is testicular cancer? &#8211; Macmillan Cancer Research</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cancerresearchuhttps://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/">Testicular Cancer Survival &#8211; Cancer Research UK </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/testicular-cancer/about/what-is-testicular-cancer.html">What is testicular cancer &#8211; Cancer </a></li>
</ul>


<p class="p1">Depression is a common mental health issue that can greatly impact someone&#8217;s life. 1 in 4 people will experience a mental health problem of some kind each year in England. It is more than just feeling sad or &#8220;down in the dumps&#8221; and can profoundly interfere with daily life. It affects how you think, feels, and act. Fortunately, there are many effective treatments available for depression. This blog post will discuss the different types of depression and the various treatments available.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What is Depression?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Depression is a common but serious mood disorder characterised by persistent feelings of sadness, low mood, apathy, hopelessness and helplessness, fatigue, changes in sleep or appetite patterns, poor concentration, low self-esteem and thoughts of death or suicide.</p>
<p class="p1">While everyone experiences some level of sadness from time to time, if those feelings become more intense or last for an extended period (two weeks or longer), you may be suffering from depression. It can cause intense sadness and emptiness, difficulty concentrating, lack of motivation, and changes in appetite.</p>
<p class="p1">Depression affects a person&#8217;s physical and mental health, as well as their thoughts, behaviour, and emotions. In addition, depression may also interfere with one&#8217;s ability to go about daily activities like work, school, or even engaging with family or friends. It can be incapacitating at times, and many people experience different levels of depression throughout their lives.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What causes Depression?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">There is no one cause for depression. A combination of genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions such as thyroid <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-the-10-common-diseases">disease</a> or hormonal imbalances, traumatic life events or loss, substance abuse issues or other environmental factors such as social isolation or stress causes it.</p>
<p class="p1">It&#8217;s important to remember that depression isn&#8217;t something that you should feel ashamed about. It&#8217;s an illness like any other physical illness that requires treatment and support to manage properly.</p>
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<h2 class="p2"><b>Symptoms of Depression</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Depression is a mental <a href="https://nowpatient.com/healthy-living-and-wellness/how-can-we-self-monitor-our-health">health</a> condition that can range from mild to severe and varies in terms of its presentation and impact on day-to-day life.</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Mild depression typically involves symptoms such as feeling down and sad, losing interest in activities, and fluctuating moods.</li>
<li class="li1">Moderate depression is more serious and may cause symptoms such as problems with concentration, appetite changes, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, difficulty making decisions, and insomnia.</li>
<li class="li1">Severe depression is the most extreme form that can lead to extreme behavioural changes with feelings of hopelessness or helplessness; this requires immediate medical attention for diagnosis and treatment.</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">No matter the type or severity, seeking professional help for depression can be an effective way to find symptom relief.</p>
<p class="p1">Depression can manifest in physical symptoms as well. These include:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Increased fatigue</li>
<li class="li1">Stomach problems</li>
<li class="li1">Headaches</li>
<li class="li1">Muscle aches</li>
<li class="li1">Weight gain or loss</li>
<li class="li1">Insomnia</li>
<li class="li1">Excessive sleepiness</li>
<li class="li1">Difficulty concentrating</li>
<li class="li1">Back pain</li>
<li class="li1">Decreased sex drive</li>
<li class="li1">Tightness of muscles in the jaw or neck area</li>
<li class="li1">Frequent trembling</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">It is important to remember that physical ailments, even seemingly minor ones like fatigue or headaches, can indicate other health issues such as depression. That is why it&#8217;s essential to pay attention to changes in your body and talk to a physician if you feel the symptoms have a noticeable effect on your daily life. Your doctor may have advice or resources for managing physical symptoms of depression if it lies at the root of your distress.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Types of Depression</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Depression can take many forms, including major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), clinical depression, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), postpartum depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and more. Each form of depression has its symptoms that may require specific treatment options. It&#8217;s important to understand the type of depression you are dealing with to get the best possible care.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Treatment Options</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Depression is a serious condition that can lead to lasting consequences if left untreated. Fortunately, there are a variety of treatment options available that can help you manage symptoms and reclaim your life. The most common approach mental health experts recommend is medication in combination with therapy.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Medication</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Medication used for treating depression is termed antidepressants which can take up to eight weeks before its full effect is felt. Antidepressant medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are three classes of antidepressant medications commonly used in reducing symptoms of depression.</p>
<p class="p1">SSRIs increase the amount of serotonin, a chemical messenger in the brain associated with happiness and well-being, while SNRIs increase serotonin and norepinephrine levels. Tricyclics generally block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain to allow more of those chemicals to stay active in the brain longer.</p>
<p class="p1">Different types of SSRI, SNRI and tricyclic medications exist. Your doctor may choose one depending on the severity or type of depression you have and will customise a treatment plan for each patient. All three types have potential side effects. However, patients should consult their healthcare provider when balancing the risks versus benefits of various antidepressants.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Cognitive behavioural therapy(CBT)</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy carried out by a qualified mental health professional and has been proven successful in treating depression.</p>
<p class="p1">CBT works by helping individuals develop strategies for understanding their thoughts and the behaviours associated with them. During sessions, the therapist will work with the patient to identify problematic beliefs and challenge negative thinking. In turn, create new ways of thinking that promote more positive behaviour during difficult times. The patient and therapist then practice journal writing, conversations, role-playing, and other activities to help manage distressed feelings.</p>
<p class="p1">Essential CBT components include exploring how negative thoughts are connected to feelings and actions, learning self-management skills for overcoming depression and examining one&#8217;s thought processes to reshape beliefs constructively. CBT focuses on finding solutions rather than analysing past experiences, making it a long-lasting tool for recovery.</p>
<p class="p1">With the right treatment plan tailored to an individual&#8217;s needs, a person living with depression may experience symptom reduction or even remission of their depressive symptoms. This ultimately allows people struggling with depression to lead more vibrant lives.</p>
<p class="p1">In addition, CBT also emphasises the importance of ongoing self-care, such as exercise, healthy eating and quality sleep to sustain a positive outlook. As with any therapy, it may take more than one session to get through negative thought patterns. However, with patience, CBT can be a great support system in treating depression and providing long-term mental stability.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Lifestyle changes</b></h2>
<p class="p1">If you are dealing with depression, making lifestyle changes can be a powerful and effective way to manage your condition. While medication and therapy can be extremely helpful in managing symptoms, changing your daily life and habits can provide additional benefits. Let&#8217;s look at some changes you can make to help manage depression.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Getting Enough Sleep</b></h3>
<p class="p1">One of the most important things you can do if you are dealing with depression is to get enough sleep. You should aim to get 8 hours of sleep each night and nap during the day if needed. Getting enough rest helps regulate mood and can improve your overall mental health.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Eating Healthy</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Eating a balanced diet is also key for managing depression. Eating foods that contain essential vitamins, minerals, and Omega 3 fatty acids can help improve overall mental health by providing the body with what it needs to function optimally. Additionally, cutting back on processed foods and sugary treats may help reduce inflammation and improve mood.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Exercising Regularly</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Regular exercise has been proven to be an effective tool for reducing symptoms of depression. Exercise increases endorphins which are responsible for boosting mood and increasing energy levels. Even 30 minutes of walking or biking daily can significantly impact overall mental health. Incorporating physical activity into your daily routine is one of the best ways to manage symptoms of depression in the long term.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How to support someone with depression</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Supporting someone with depression can be a challenging but worthwhile task. It&#8217;s important to remember that being supportive is not the same as providing advice; instead, it&#8217;s about being available to listen and offer comfort.</p>
<p class="p1">Make sure you create an environment of acceptance and understanding and allow them to express their emotions. It&#8217;s okay to be patient when communicating and not pressure them into doing things they&#8217;re uncomfortable with.</p>
<p class="p1">Be mindful of language so as not to make assumptions or judge how the person feels &#8211; instead, focus on letting them know you care about their well-being.</p>
<p class="p1">Alongside emotional support, offering practical help &#8211; like helping with errands or chores &#8211; can make them feel less overwhelmed.</p>
<p class="p1">Ultimately, listening attentively and being present for your friend or loved one is one of the best ways to show support for those struggling with depression.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How to help yourself with depression</b></h2>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Seek Professional Help</b></h3>
<p class="p1">If you think you may be suffering from depression, the first step is to seek professional help. Depression is a medical condition and should be treated by a qualified healthcare provider or mental health specialist who can diagnose your condition and recommend appropriate treatments. This could include talk therapy (psychotherapy), medication, or both. Working with a qualified professional allows you to learn coping strategies that will help improve your quality of life and reduce symptoms of depression. On the NHS, counselling usually takes place over six to 12 sessions, each an hour long. The sessions are confidential.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Develop Healthy Habits</b></h3>
<p class="p1">In addition to seeing a therapist or taking medication if prescribed, it&#8217;s essential to develop healthy habits that will help manage your depression symptoms. Eating nutritious meals regularly, exercising regularly (even if it&#8217;s just walking around the block each day), getting enough sleep each night (7-9 hours), avoiding drugs and <a href="https://nowpatient.com/healthy-living-and-wellness/how-to-cut-down-on-alcohol">alcohol</a>, and engaging in activities that bring joy are all good ways to keep yourself feeling healthy and balanced. Additionally, developing positive relationships with friends and family members can provide support during hard times.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Create a Routine</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Creating a routine for yourself is also important in managing depression. Structure in your day-to-day life can help give you some sense of control over what may seem like an unpredictable situation. Make sure to include activities such as exercise, hobbies, spending time with family and friends, and even something as simple as taking a walk each day &#8211; anything that helps keep you active and engaged in life so that you don&#8217;t feel overwhelmed by the negative emotions associated with depression.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Connect With Others</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Social isolation is one of the most common signs of depression, so it&#8217;s important to connect with people face-to-face who care about you regularly &#8211; whether it&#8217;s family members or close friends who understand what you&#8217;re going through or joining group activities such as support groups or art classes where you can meet new people with similar interests or struggles as yours who may be able to offer advice from their own experiences that could help put things back into perspective for you too when needed.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Get Adequate Sleep</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Insufficient sleep is linked to an increased risk of developing depression and other mental disorders. If you struggle with getting enough sleep, set a consistent schedule that allows for 7–8 hours of uninterrupted sleep per night and sticks to it as closely as possible, even on weekends. Additionally, avoid using electronic devices before bedtime as they emit blue light, which interferes with melatonin production, a hormone necessary for restful sleep.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Spend Time Outdoors</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Fresh air has been found to significantly reduce stress levels while connecting with nature has been linked with improved mood and wellness due to its calming effects on the body and mind. So try spending some time outdoors whenever possible, even if it&#8217;s just 10 minutes each day, by going for walks around your neighbourhood or visiting local parks/woodlands/beaches etc. Make sure to take along some companions (e.g. friends/pets) if possible, as socialising during outdoor activities further enhances the relaxation benefits associated with being outside.</p>
<h3 class="p2"><b>Join a support group</b></h3>
<p class="p1">Joining a support group or online community can be a great way to help cope with depression. They provide a safe place to talk and get advice from people who have also gone through similar struggles. It is also an opportunity to receive social support that can aid healing.</p>
<p class="p1">It can be beneficial to contact helplines like Samaritans, who offer free and confidential support, and a helpline if you find it hard to open up about your feelings with people close to you. Websites, groups, and communities are available on social media, providing reassurance and comfort and enabling people to share their experiences anonymously.</p>
<p class="p1">If you&#8217;re struggling with depression, know that you&#8217;re not alone. Millions of people suffer from depression worldwide, but there is hope. Depression is a treatable condition; you can get better with a healthcare professional&#8217;s help. Don&#8217;t suffer in silence – if you think you may be depressed, reach out for help.</p>
<h3>Sources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.carersuk.org/help-and-advice/your-health-and-wellbeing/dealing-with-depression-and-stress/">Dealing with depression and stress &#8211; Cares UK </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/depression/">Depression &#8211; NHS </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/depression/about-depression/">About Depression &#8211; Mind </a></li>
</ul>


<p class="p1">According to the NHS, around 118,000 people in the UK had chronic Hepatitis C in 2019. Hepatitis C is a viral liver infection caused by the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and can lead to serious health problems. It’s important to understand the basics of hepatitis C, including what it is, how it’s transmitted, and what treatments are available. Let’s break down the basics of this virus.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What is Hepatitis C?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Hepatitis C often referred to as HCV, is a form of viral hepatitis that causes liver inflammation. It is primarily contracted through direct contact with contaminated blood but can also be passed from an <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-the-most-common-infections">infected</a> mother to her fetus.</p>
<p class="p1">The virus enters cells in the body, replicating itself within the cell’s nucleus and releasing copies of itself into the bloodstream. This viral replication leads to inflammation in the liver. This process generally occurs without any noticeable symptoms. Still, it can result in chronic inflammation, and if left untreated, it can increase your risk of developing liver failure, cirrhosis, or liver cancer.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Acute Hepatitis C infection</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Acute hepatitis C is a short-term illness typically occurring within weeks of exposure to the virus. The signs and symptoms associated with this <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-the-4-types-of-infections">type of infection</a> can vary from individual to individual.</p>
<p class="p1">The onset of these symptoms most commonly occurs 8–14 weeks after exposure to the virus. Signs and symptoms are usually mild and can be hard to notice. However, some common signs and symptoms to look out for include flu-like symptoms, muscle aches, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, jaundice (yellowing of the skin), abdominal pain, especially in the area of your liver located on your right side underneath your rib cage, joint pain, dark-coloured urine and pale stools.</p>
<p class="p1">In around 1 in 4 people infected with Hepatitis C, the immune system will kill the virus within a few months. The person will have no further symptoms unless they become infected again. This stage is known as acute HCV infection.</p>
<p class="p1">In the remaining cases, the virus persists inside the body for many months or years. This is known as chronic hepatitis.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Chronic hepatitis C infection</b></h2>
<p class="p1">If you have chronic HCV, the virus has been in your body for over six months. Some people with chronic hepatitis C never have any symptoms. For others, the most common symptom is fatigue. You might always feel tired, even if you’ve had a good night’s sleep. You might also have other symptoms, such as:</p>
<p class="p1">• Fever • Loss of appetite • Nausea and vomiting • Diarrhea • Abdominal pain • Dark urine • Clay-coloured stools • Joint pain • Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)</p>
<p class="p1">If you have any of these symptoms, it’s important to see your doctor so you can get treatment.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What are the causes of Hepatitis C?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Hepatitis C is a viral liver infection caused by the Hepatitis C virus. You can become infected with it if you come into contact with an infected person&#8217;s blood. This can happen through sharing syringes, infected needles, syringes used in drug use, receiving a blood transfusion or blood products before 1992 (when most blood donors’ blood was tested for the virus), or even receiving an organ transplant from someone infected with hepatitis C.</p>
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<h3 class="p1">Some examples of ways how blood can be transferred:</h3>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Sharing toothbrushes. When someone is infected with the virus, it can be present in the saliva, which can transfer to their toothbrush and yours if you share it</li>
<li class="li1">Sharing razors. The virus can remain in the blood on blades or sharp objects like needles. This means that if someone uses your razor and they have the virus, you have an increased chance of acquiring it yourself</li>
<li class="li1">Engaging in certain types of body modification, such as tattooing or body piercing. The virus can be transmitted through any non-sterile items used during the tattoo or piercing process; this includes needles, ink or jewellery that have been contaminated with infected blood</li>
<li class="li1">Unprotected sex. This applies to both heterosexual and especially anal sex without a condom. This virus is spread when body fluids like semen, pre-cum and vaginal secretions enter your system during unprotected sex</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Tests for Hepatitis C</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Hepatitis C testing can be done through blood tests that look for either antibodies or antigens of the virus.</p>
<p class="p1">An antibody test, also known as an immunoglobulin test, measures the presence of antibodies in your blood, while an antigen test measures the actual virus itself. A PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test is recommended to confirm a positive result. After a positive PCR test, a genotype test is suggested to determine which strain of the virus you have.</p>
<p class="p1">In rare cases, your doctor may recommend a liver biopsy to measure damage and inflammation caused by the virus. It&#8217;s important to keep all follow-up appointments and discuss any questions or concerns with your doctor that might arise from these tests.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Hepatitis C Treatment</b></h2>
<p class="p1">The treatment for Hepatitis C virus infection depends on the person&#8217;s health and lifestyle, as well as the strain of the contracted virus. Most individuals who have contracted Hepatitis C will require direct-acting antiviral medication to combat the virus. These medications work by interfering with the viral proteins essential for viral replication, stopping or slowing the virus’ growth rate.</p>
<p class="p1">Advancing technology has led to several medications proven to treat Hepatitis C. Two primary medications used effectively are ribavirin and sofosbuvir, which are often combined or interferon for even better results. As with any treatment, these medications have potential side effects that vary from person to person. In rare cases, if hepatitis C leads to liver failure or liver cancer, you may need a liver transplant.</p>
<p class="p1">Additionally, for long-term management, individuals need to make positive changes to their lifestyles:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li1">Eating a healthy diet can help improve your overall health and reduce strain on your liver. Consuming foods high in fibre, like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts, can also help manage the symptoms of Hepatitis C</li>
<li class="li1">Limiting or avoiding <a href="https://nowpatient.com/healthy-living-and-wellness/how-to-cut-down-on-alcohol">alcohol</a> is important as it puts extra stress on the liver over time</li>
<li class="li1">Exercise, you should aim for about 30 minutes a day of moderate physical activity like brisk walking or jogging</li>
<li class="li1">Activities that promote relaxation, such as yoga and meditation, may also benefit those with Hepatitis C</li>
</ul>
<p class="p1">Taking the time to make positive changes can significantly improve your overall health and quality of life with this illness.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Complications of Hepatitis C</b></h2>
<p class="p1">One of the most common complications that can occur with Hepatitis C, if untreated, is liver problems: liver damage, liver failure and even end-stage liver disease. Over time, hepatitis C can lead to irreversible liver scarring, known as cirrhosis, drastically reducing the liver’s ability to perform its vital functions and even leading to liver cancer in extreme cases. If you have cirrhosis, the scarred tissue in your liver gradually replaces healthy tissue and prevents the liver from working properly.</p>
<p class="p1">Unlike other types of hepatitis, such as Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C carries a higher risk of long-term complications that are serious and potentially life-threatening. Therefore, people who experience fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine, yellowing eyes or skin should immediately speak to their doctor to begin treatment.</p>
<p class="p1">Mental confusion due to decreased brain function can also occur in the late stages of the virus when not appropriately treated. It is important to identify any signs early so treatment can begin before symptoms become more serious.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>Seek help</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Hepatitis C can be a severe infection if left untreated, so it’s important to understand its symptoms and transmission methods. Fortunately, treatments can help you manage your infection and reduce your risk of long-term complications like cirrhosis or cancer. Suppose you have any questions about your risk factors for developing hepatitis C. In that case, it’s best to speak to a healthcare professional for more information and advice to reduce your risk of infection and stay healthy.</p>
<h3>Sources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hepatitis-c/">Hepatitis C &#8211; NHS</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/hepatitisc/Documents/Information-for-professionals-19.05.061for-web-15600.pdf">Hepatitis C Essential information &#8211; NHS</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c">Hepatitis Key Facts &#8211; World Health Organization </a></li>
</ul>


<p class="p2">Have you ever experienced a ringing or buzzing in your ears? Maybe you thought it was just temporary, but if it has continued for more than a few days, you may be experiencing something called tinnitus. Tinnitus is a sensation of sound that originates from inside the ear, not from an external source. While tinnitus isn’t life-threatening, it can disrupt everyday life. It can impact sleep quality and concentration, and it may even lead to feelings of anxiety and depression. As such, it’s important to understand what causes tinnitus and how to manage its symptoms.</p>
<h2 class="p3"><b>What Is Tinnitus?</b></h2>
<p class="p2">Understanding how humans hear can be helpful for those suffering from this condition.</p>
<p class="p2">The human ear is composed of several parts, each with its important role:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li2">The auditory nerve is the auditory pathway responsible for relaying sound information to the brain</li>
<li class="li2">The eardrum, which lies behind the auditory canal and separates the outer ear from the inner ear, collects auditory information and sends it on to other structures of the inner ear</li>
<li class="li2">The inner ear allows us to perceive auditory signals by hosting hair cells that generate an electric signal sent through the auditory nerve to the brain. This process means we can hear noise around us</li>
</ul>
<p class="p2">Tinnitus is a medical condition where auditory signals not from outside sources are experienced and heard as ringing or buzzing in one or both ears. This occurs when auditory hair cells become damaged or dysfunctional due to overexposure to loud noise, medication side effects, or presbycusis (age-related hearing loss).</p>
<p class="p2">The intensity of tinnitus varies from person to person. Some people only hear faint ringing, while others may listen to loud noises that interfere with their daily activities. It can occur on one side of the head or both sides at the same time. Some people may only experience tinnitus occasionally, while others may have constant symptoms that make it difficult for them to concentrate or sleep.</p>
<h2 class="p3"><b>Different types of tinnitus</b></h2>
<p class="p2">There are several different types of tinnitus, and they may have other causes.</p>
<p class="p2">The primary type is subjective tinnitus, which usually begins with hearing loss and is typically caused by noise-induced hearing loss, medications, or ear <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-the-4-types-of-infections">infections</a>. Most cases of tinnitus will fall into this category if no underlying cause can be found.</p>
<p class="p2">The other type is pulsatile tinnitus or objective tinnitus, caused by turbulent blood flow through the veins or arteries near the ear. This usually occurs in those with high <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-the-causes-of-high-blood-pressure">blood pressure</a> or certain health conditions, though it can also occur on its own.</p>
<p class="p2">A third type of tinnitus is called recurrent tinnitus, and it tends to come and go over time, often related to illness or stress levels when it reappears. Fortunately, whatever kind of tinnitus you are struggling with, treatments are available to help reduce your symptoms and improve your overall quality of life.</p>
<h2 class="p3"><b>What are the common causes of tinnitus?</b></h2>
<p class="p2">Tinnitus has many potential causes, including:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li2">Age-related hearing loss</li>
<li class="li2">Ear infections</li>
<li class="li2">Earwax buildup in the ear canal</li>
<li class="li2">Side effects of certain medications, e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</li>
<li class="li2">Stress or anxiety</li>
<li class="li2">Neck or jaw problems, such as temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome</li>
<li class="li2">Allergic reactions to certain medications or foods</li>
<li class="li2">Exposure to loud noises, e.g. concerts</li>
<li class="li2">Working in noisy environments or exposed to loud sounds over a lifetime, e.g. construction sites</li>
<li class="li2">Head injuries</li>
</ul>
<p class="p2">In some cases, the cause of tinnitus cannot be determined, so these cases are called “idiopathic”, meaning “no known cause”. Speaking with your healthcare provider if you have tinnitus is important, as they can help identify the cause and recommend treatment options.</p>
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<h2 class="p3"><b>Is tinnitus dangerous?</b></h2>
<p class="p2">Most of the time, tinnitus isn’t a sign of a severe health problem. However, it can be a symptom of underlying <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-the-10-common-diseases">diseases</a> such as Meniere&#8217;s disease, acoustic neuroma, otosclerosis, blood vessel disorders and thyroid abnormalities. Meniere&#8217;s disease is an inner ear disorder that causes balance issues, vertigo, and fluctuating hearing loss. Acoustic neuroma can cause headaches, double vision, hearing loss, and facial muscle weakness. Otosclerosis is caused by new shards of bones developing in the middle ear, which disrupts the balance system resulting in possible hearing loss and tinnitus.</p>
<p class="p2">Blood vessel disorders such as high blood pressure (hypertension) and narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis) It is important to make sure any chronic tinnitus is assessed by a healthcare professional so they can rule out underlying conditions.</p>
<h2 class="p3"><b>What are the symptoms of tinnitus?</b></h2>
<p class="p2">The most common symptom of tinnitus is a persistent ringing in the ears. However, some people experience other sounds, such as buzzing, humming, hissing, clicking, roaring or whistling. These sounds may vary in pitch and volume and can occur in one or both ears. Some people also report an increase in the volume of their voice when they speak, known as autophony. In addition to these symptoms, some people with tinnitus experience difficulty concentrating or sleeping due to the constant noise in their ears.</p>
<h2 class="p3"><b>What does tinnitus sound like?</b></h2>
<p class="p2">It is characterized by a persistent ringing, buzzing, whooshing or humming sound in one or both ears. While descriptions and examples vary, most people liken this sound to that of a cricket chirping, an electric fan blowing, white noise static, or even a distant train passing. For some individuals, the tinnitus sound can become so loud that it interferes with everyday tasks like concentrating during work or having conversations with others.</p>
<h2 class="p3"><b>How long does tinnitus last?</b></h2>
<p class="p2">Most cases of tinnitus are temporary and generally last anywhere from a few minutes to several hours. In some cases, however, tinnitus can be chronic and, as a result, may have long-lasting effects or even be permanent, depending on its underlying cause.</p>
<h2 class="p3"><b>Diagnosis of tinnitus</b></h2>
<p class="p2">Healthcare professionals can diagnose tinnitus by taking a complete medical history and performing a physical examination. They may ask you to describe the type, pitch, and volume of the sound you are experiencing. Additional tests, such as hearing difficulties or an imaging scan, may also be performed to rule out any other underlying medical issues that could be causing the symptoms. The professional will also consider lifestyle factors such as diet, alcohol consumption, stress levels, and exposure to loud noises that can worsen the tinnitus in some individuals. With this information, they will be able to construct an accurate diagnosis that they can develop into an appropriate treatment plan tailored to their needs.</p>
<h2 class="p3"><b>How is tinnitus treated?</b></h2>
<p class="p2">Depending on its cause and severity, many treatments are available for tinnitus. These include:</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li2">Sound therapy (e.g. white noise machines)</li>
<li class="li2">Masking devices (e.g. ear plugs),</li>
<li class="li2">Wearing hearing aids (sound generators)</li>
<li class="li2">Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)</li>
<li class="li2">Incorporating relaxation techniques and meditation into your daily routine</li>
<li class="li2">Visiting an audiologist for counselling or education on coping with tinnitus</li>
<li class="li2">Medications prescribed specifically for controlling symptoms of tinnitus</li>
<li class="li2">Alternative therapies such as acupuncture</li>
<li class="li2">Taking specific vitamins or supplements that have been linked to reducing symptoms of tinnitus, like zinc and ginkgo biloba extract</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="p3"><b>Tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT)</b></h2>
<p class="p2">This treatment can be pretty effective for those with mild to moderate levels of tinnitus. This type of therapy involves two components: a habituation program that aims to reduce the significance of undesired sounds and an educational program that educates patients on managing their tinnitus more effectively.</p>
<h2 class="p3"><b>Self-help tips for tinnitus</b></h2>
<p class="p2">Taking these simple steps can be an effective way of managing your condition, helping increase comfort and improve overall health.</p>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li2">Learning relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, mindfulness meditation, yoga and progressive muscle relaxation. These methods all help to reduce stress levels and ease the anxiousness that can often accompany tinnitus</li>
<li class="li2">Stick to a consistent sleep schedule &#8211; going to bed at the same time each night and getting plenty of restful sleep. You should also turn off any electronics or screens at least an hour before you intend to sleep</li>
<li class="li2">Avoid loud environments or listening to loud music for prolonged periods, as this can aggravate your symptoms</li>
<li class="li2">Lifestyle changes that may help; limiting your <a href="https://nowpatient.com/healthy-living-and-wellness/7-ways-to-energise-without-caffeine">caffeine</a> intake and eating a balanced diet may provide relief from tinnitus</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="p3"><b>Seek help</b></h2>
<p class="p2">Tinnitus can be extremely frustrating and make it hard to concentrate or hear properly. If you think you might be suffering from tinnitus, you should speak to your pharmacist or doctor. Some support groups can help you manage your condition, such as <a href="https://tinnitus.org.uk/support-for-you/what-can-i-do/self-help-tips/"><span class="s2">The British Tinnitus Association (BTA)</span></a>. Their free helpline number is 0800 018 0527.</p>
<h3>Sources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tinnitus/">Tinnitus &#8211; NHS </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.hearinglink.org/your-hearing/tinnitus/what-is-tinnitus/">What is Tinnitus &#8211; Hearing link </a></li>
<li><a href="https://tinnitus.org.uk/support-for-you/what-can-i-do/self-help-tips/">What can I do, self-help tips &#8211; Tinnitus </a></li>
</ul>


<p class="p1">Every year on the last day of February, individuals, organisations, and patient advocacy groups around the world come together to recognise and celebrate Rare Disease Day. This awareness day was first established in 2008 by EURORDIS, a European organisation that works to improve the lives of those living with rare diseases. The purpose of this day is to raise awareness about rare diseases, as well as provide support and hope to those affected by them. Patient organisations, healthcare providers, researchers, policymakers and other members of the rare disease community organise Rare Disease Day events.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>What are Rare Diseases?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">It is estimated that there are approximately 7,000 rare <a href="https://nowpatient.com/health-conditions/what-are-the-10-common-diseases">diseases</a>, also known as orphan diseases, which affect an estimated 350 million people worldwide. Rare diseases are usually genetic and can affect any age, gender or race. While they each have their own set of symptoms and outcomes collectively they lack resources to find proper diagnoses, treatments and cures.</p>
<p class="p1">A rare disease may remain undiagnosed for a lifetime due to the complexity of these disorders and the limited number of healthcare professionals with expertise in the conditions. In recent years much progress has been made through improved research efforts that focus on understanding rare diseases, but the challenges for those affected by them remain imposing.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>The impact of Rare Diseases on patients</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Living with a rare disease can be extremely challenging for patients, their families and caregivers due to the lack of information and resources available. Many times, rare disease patients must rely on their research to find treatments or even basic information about their condition. This can be very isolating for patients and may lead to feelings of fear or hopelessness because they do not know what the future holds in store for them.</p>
<p class="p1">Additionally, many rare diseases have no known cure or treatment, which can make managing symptoms difficult over time. These symptoms often affect patients’ physical and emotional <a href="https://nowpatient.com/healthy-living-and-wellness/how-can-we-self-monitor-our-health">health</a>, which can lead to further complications down the road if left untreated. Finding support from family members and other patients also suffering from similar conditions can help reduce some of this emotional burden over time.</p>
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<h2 class="p2"><b>The benefits of recognising Rare Diseases</b></h2>
<p class="p1">Recognising these conditions can have multiple benefits for patients and their families. First, it can help bring attention to these issues and increase funding for rare disease research and clinical trials into treatments and cures for these conditions. This can lead to improved diagnostics, better treatments, and ultimately enhanced quality of life in patients’ lives.</p>
<p class="p1">Additionally, recognising rare diseases also serve as a source of support for those affected by them. It can be comforting to know that others understand what you are going through and are willing to stand up for you. Finally, recognising rare diseases help raise general public awareness about them &#8211; when more people know about a disorder, they will be more likely to seek medical advice if they think they may be affected by one or more rare diseases themselves.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>How can we help?</b></h2>
<p class="p1">The Rare Disease Day on February 28th 2023, will be a global event to raise awareness of rare diseases and the challenges those affected face. By hosting events like walks, runs, or talks about rare diseases, individuals, organisations, and communities can come together in support of patients. Posters in public places or media campaigns can also help spread the word, as well as a link to official websites offering more information. Individuals can join online forums dedicated to educating people about specific illnesses and showing solidarity with sufferers. Having this type of global conversation would have a significant impact on raising awareness for those living with a rare disease.</p>
<h2 class="p2"><b>More information</b></h2>
<p class="p1">On Rare Disease Day, let&#8217;s come together to show support for those living with a rare disease and advocate for global health equity. NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders &#8211; US) proudly partners with EURORDIS (Rare Diseases – Europe) and other National Alliance partners across the globe in this vital mission. To learn more about their international campaign, visit the <a href="https://www.rarediseaseday.org">Rare Disease website</a> &#8211; where you&#8217;ll find valuable information designed to help create positive change that will benefit everyone impacted by these conditions.</p>
<p class="p1">Share posts about Rare Disease Day on social media and inspire friends to raise rare disease awareness. Don’t forget to use the hashtags #LightUpForRare and #ShareYourColours</p>
<p class="p1">To watch the official video for Rare Disease Day 2023, visit <a href="https://youtu.be/bCxtcx5RYKE"><span class="s1">https://youtu.be/bCxtcx5RYKE</span></a></p>
<h3>Sources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.rarediseaseday.org">Rare disease day</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.eurordis.org">Eurordis </a></li>
<li><a href="https://ncats.nih.gov/news/events/rdd">Rare Disease Day at NIH 2023 </a></li>
</ul>


<p data-renderer-start-pos="298">Now Patient&#8217;s Health Conditions category is where you will find a range of articles covering common illnesses, treatments, remedies, tests, and other related topics. In some articles, you will also find links to more resources if needed. All articles are written by medically qualified content editors and writers. Published content is fact-checked by our panel of experts.</p>
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